{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T16:42:15Z","timestamp":1793810535024,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are increasingly recognized as emerging contaminants of concern for human health. Their small size, diverse composition, and reactive surface enable interactions with biological barriers and cellular systems. This comprehensive narrative review synthesizes and critically evaluates current evidence on the mechanistic effects of MNPs in humans and experimental models. Systemic mechanisms, including oxidative stress, inflammation, barrier disruption, and immune dysregulation, may underlie reported adverse effects in the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular, nervous and reproductive systems, as well as the placenta. Omics studies further reveal alterations in metabolic and stress-response pathways, providing systems-level insights and candidate biomarkers. Human data remain limited to biomonitoring studies, and causality has not yet been established. Toxicological data, though informative, often rely on pristine particles and high-dose, short-term exposures that exceed environmental estimates, highlighting the need for chronic, low-dose models. Major challenges include difficulties in detecting and quantifying MNPs in tissues, limited attribution of effects to polymers versus additives or adsorbed contaminants, and lack of standardized characterization and reporting. Emerging advances, such as reference materials, omics profiling, and organ-on-chip technologies, offer opportunities to close these gaps. Overall, the available data suggest biologically plausible pathways for health risks, but methodological refinement and harmonized research strategies are essential for robust human health assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13110921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T03:44:39Z","timestamp":1761795879000},"page":"921","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Micro- and Nanoplastics Driving Adverse Human Health Effects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2983-5418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio F.","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Health Research Institute of Granada (Instituto Biosanitario de Granada, Ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Lacasa\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research Institute of Granada (Instituto Biosanitario de Granada, Ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), 18011 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Andalusian Health and Environment Observatory (OSMAN), 18011 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3824-2462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aristidis M.","family":"Tsatsakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Toxicology & Science Applications, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece"},{"name":"Human Development and Health Science Faculty, Universidad ECOTEC, Km 13.5 Samborond\u00f3n, Samborondon 092302, Ecuador"},{"name":"Biomedical Science and Technology Park, Sechenov I.M., First State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8162-5955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anca Oana","family":"Docea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126124","article-title":"Presence of airborne microplastics in human lung tissue","volume":"416","author":"Ando","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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