{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:45:56Z","timestamp":1790718356304,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Agency for Research and Development (ANID), Chile, FONDECYT INICIACION","award":["11230857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11230857"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>White-matter development during fetal life represents one of the most vulnerable processes to environmental disruption, as it relies on the precisely timed proliferation, migration, and differentiation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Among environmental threats, exposure to toxic compounds contained in tobacco smoke and vaping aerosols represents a major yet preventable risk during pregnancy. Despite growing awareness, tobacco smoking remains widespread, and a substantial proportion of the population\u2014including pregnant women\u2014continues to perceive electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) as less harmful, a misconception that contributes to persistent prenatal exposure. These products expose the fetus to numerous substances that readily cross the placenta and reach the developing brain, including compounds with endocrine-disrupting activity, where they interfere with white-matter development. Epidemiological and neuroimaging studies consistently reveal microstructural alterations in white matter that correlate with long-term cognitive and behavioral impairments in offspring exposed in utero. These alterations may arise from both nicotine-specific pathways and the actions of other toxicants in cigarette smoke and ENDS aerosols that cross the placenta and disrupt white-matter emergence and maturation. Preclinical research provides mechanistic insight: nicotine acts directly on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in oligodendrocyte precursor cells, disrupting calcium signaling and differentiation, while additional constituents of smoke and vaping aerosols also affect astrocyte and microglial function and disturb the extracellular milieu required for proper myelination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13121071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T14:04:40Z","timestamp":1765548280000},"page":"1071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prenatal Exposure to Tobacco Smoke and Vaping Aerosols: Mechanisms Disrupting White-Matter Formation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4550-6323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Beltran-Castillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Integrativo de Biolog\u00eda y Qu\u00edmica Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O\u2019Higgins, Santiago 8370993, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6084-3769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Pablo","family":"Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Integrativo de Biolog\u00eda y Qu\u00edmica Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O\u2019Higgins, Santiago 8370993, Chile"},{"name":"Doctorado en Ciencias Menci\u00f3n Materiales Funcionales, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Bernardo O\u2019Higgins, Santiago 8370993, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4698-7625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle","family":"Grambs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sassano, M.F., Davis, E.S., Keating, J.E., Zorn, B.T., Kochar, T.K., Wolfgang, M.C., Glish, G.L., and Tarran, R. 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