{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T05:08:39Z","timestamp":1792213719100,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2014Next Generation EU","award":["533-03-23-0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["533-03-23-0006"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health [Ricerca Corrente]"},{"name":"Research and Educational Centre of Environmental Health and Radiation Protection\u2014Reconstruction and Expansion of the Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health in Zagreb","award":["KK.01.1.1.02.0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK.01.1.1.02.0007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The buccal micronucleus cytome assay (BMCyt) is a validated, non-invasive biomonitoring method used to detect early genotoxic and cytotoxic changes linked to environmental and occupational exposures. Healthcare workers, especially nurses and dentists, are routinely exposed to genotoxic agents such as anesthetic gases, cytotoxic drugs, ionizing radiation, and heavy metals. This study compared seven cytological biomarkers in exfoliated buccal cells from female nurses, dentists, and teachers to assess multivariate cytogenetic differences and potential occupational influences. Samples were collected from 32 nurses, 41 dentists, and 47 teachers, and 3000 cells per participant were evaluated for micronuclei (MN) and six additional nuclear abnormalities. Group differences were examined using MANOVA and permutation MANOVA, followed by pairwise tests, and visualized with Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Significant multivariate differences were found between nurses and both dentists and teachers (p = 0.003), supported by permutation tests, while dentists and teachers did not differ. PCA explained 56% of the variance and showed apparent clustering of nurses. Chromatin condensation and MN were the main contributors to group separation. Nurses had significantly higher MN (p \u2264 0.001) and karyorrhexis (p \u2264 0.0004) than dentist and teachers. Overall, nurses showed a distinct cytogenetic profile consistent with greater genotoxic susceptibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14010061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T09:01:29Z","timestamp":1767862889000},"page":"61","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Micronuclei and Nuclear Abnormalities in Oral Mucosa as Indicators of Genotoxicity in Healthcare Professionals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9105-0251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juana","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Alarc\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Conducta, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de M\u00e9xico, Toluca 50180, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"},{"name":"Cuerpo Acad\u00e9mico Ambiente y Gen\u00e9tica UATLX-CA-223, Laboratorio \u201cRafael Villalobos-Pietrini\u201d de Toxicolog\u00eda Gen\u00f3mica y Qu\u00edmica Ambiental, Facultad de Agrobiolog\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Tlaxcala, Ixtacuixtla 90120, Tlaxcala, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3833-6717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Bonassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele University, 00166 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9837-7185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirta","family":"Mili\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ninfa","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Dur\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica y Ambiental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de M\u00e9xico, Toluca 50180, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4388-3811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keila","family":"Isaac-Oliv\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Teran\u00f3stica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de M\u00e9xico, Toluca 50180, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3396-7694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Valencia-Quintana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cuerpo Acad\u00e9mico Ambiente y Gen\u00e9tica UATLX-CA-223, Laboratorio \u201cRafael Villalobos-Pietrini\u201d de Toxicolog\u00eda Gen\u00f3mica y Qu\u00edmica Ambiental, Facultad de Agrobiolog\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Tlaxcala, Ixtacuixtla 90120, Tlaxcala, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2009.53","article-title":"Buccal micronucleus cytome assay","volume":"4","author":"Thomas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. 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