{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T01:31:14Z","timestamp":1790127074755,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanghai Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project","award":["T2023316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2023316"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate assessment of dietary exposure to cadmium in mushrooms is crucial for food safety. The inherent limitation lies in relying solely on total cadmium content, failing to reflect its actual bioaccessibility. This study integrated speciation analysis and bioaccessibility to provide a comprehensive risk evaluation. The results showed that cadmium primarily existed in the residual state across Lentinus edodes, Morchella esculenta, Cordyceps militaris, Lyophyllum decastes, Agaricus blazei, and Stropharia rugosoannulata, indicating that a significant portion of the cadmium is tightly bound within insoluble cellular structures, rendering it relatively inert and low mobility. Among them, A. blazei exhibited the highest total cadmium (3.84 mg\/kg) and contained detectable acid-soluble cadmium. However, the in vitro bioaccessibility of A. blazei was low (~6%), and no cadmium was detected in the other five mushrooms after biomimetic digestion, reflecting \u201chigh content, low release\u201d characteristics. For A. blazei, digestion significantly increased soluble polysaccharides, suggesting that the substantial release of polysaccharides in the gastrointestinal environment not only contributes to their bioactive functions but may also inhibit the dissolution and absorption of cadmium through mechanisms such as adsorption and complexation. Concludingly, this study underscores the necessity of integrating bioaccessibility data for the accurate safety assessment of cadmium in mushrooms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14010066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T09:13:01Z","timestamp":1768209181000},"page":"66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Integrating Speciation Analysis and Bioaccessibility to Reassess Cadmium Exposure Risk from Six Mushrooms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 201403, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ximei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 201403, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2490-8860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanchao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 201403, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 201403, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.127263","article-title":"Melatonin enhances the cadmium tolerance of mushrooms through antioxidant-related metabolites and enzymes","volume":"330","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galgowska, M., and Pietrzak-Fiecko, R. 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