{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T06:24:53Z","timestamp":1769063093329,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["42375108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42375108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>VOCs are significant precursors for the formation of O3 and SOA, directly impacting human health. This study employs multiple approaches to analyzing atmospheric VOCs by focusing on OVOCs including aldehydes, ketones, and phenols, with a case study in Beijing, China. We analyzed the concentration levels and compositions of VOCs and their atmospheric activities, offering a new perspective on VOCs. This analysis was conducted through offline measurements of volatile phenols and carbonyl compounds, complemented by online VOC observations during the summer period of high O3 levels. The total atmospheric VOCs concentration was found to be 51.29 \u00b1 10.01 ppbv, with phenols contributing the most (38.87 \u00b1 11.57%), followed by carbonyls (34.91 \u00b1 6.85%), and aromatics (2.70 \u00b1 1.03%, each compound is assigned to only one category based on its primary functional group, with no double counting). Carbonyls were the largest contributors to the OFP at 59.03 \u00b1 14.69%, followed by phenols (19.94 \u00b1 4.27%). The contribution of phenols to the SOAFP (43.37 \u00b1 9.53%) and the LOH (67.74 \u00b1 16.72%) is dominant. Among all quantified VOC species, phenol and formaldehyde exhibited the highest species-level contributions to atmospheric reactivity metrics, including LOH, OFP and SOAFP, owing to their combination of elevated concentrations and large kinetic or MIR coefficients. Using the PMF model for source analysis, six main sources of volatile organic compounds were identified. Solvent use and organic chemicals production were found to be the primary contributors, accounting for 31.76% of the total VOCs emissions, followed by diesel vehicle exhaust (17.80%) and biogenic sources (15.51%). This study introduces important OVOCs such as phenols, re-evaluates the importance of OVOCs and their role in atmospheric chemical processes, and provides new insights into atmospheric VOCs. These findings are crucial for developing effective air pollution control strategies and improving air quality. This study emphasizes the importance of OVOCs, especially aldehydes and phenols, in the mechanism of summer O3 generation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14010077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T11:01:14Z","timestamp":1768388474000},"page":"77","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Undervalued Contribution of OVOCs to Atmospheric Activity: A Case Study in Beijing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0825-0924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaitao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3174-9006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziyan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3649-0151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5424-923X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingru","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1778-9449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fangkun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"611","article-title":"Formation Mechanism and Management Strategy of Cooperative Control of PM2.5 and O3","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. 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