{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T10:03:59Z","timestamp":1771236239765,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015690","name":"Padjadjaran University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1649\/UN6.3.1\/PT.00\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1649\/UN6.3.1\/PT.00\/2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conventional cigarette smoke and electronic cigarette vapor contain toxic compounds that may impair immune function, particularly in the spleen. This study evaluated histopathological changes in the spleen in male white rats (Rattus norvegicus, n = 32) divided into four groups: control, conventional-cigarette smoke (CCS), electronic cigarette vapor (ECS), and transitional cigarette smoke (TCS). The TCS group was sequentially exposed to CCS for 15 days followed by ECS for 15 days, with twice-daily exposure. Spleen tissues were analyzed semi-quantitatively using ImageJ and statistically using the Kruskal\u2013Wallis test after Shapiro\u2013Wilk normality testing. Comparisons among the four groups showed significant differences in necrosis (p = 0.025) and vascular degeneration (p = 0.027). In contrast, hemosiderin, congestion, stretching, and vacuolization parameters did not show statistically significant differences among groups (p &gt; 0.05). These findings suggest that switching from conventional cigarettes to e-cigarettes does not protect against splenic damage and may exacerbate immune dysfunction due to cumulative toxic exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14020113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T08:14:23Z","timestamp":1769415263000},"page":"113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Histopathological Study of Changes in White-Pulp Structure Due to Lymphoid Depletion in the Spleen in Male Rats Caused by Exposure to Transitional Cigarette Smoke"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6437-8921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tyagita","family":"Hartady","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia"},{"name":"Veterinary Medicine Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5715-669X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stevania","family":"Sifora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7425-915X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronny","family":"Lesmana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3814-8076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Sarniem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ramadhani, Q.F. 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