{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T18:33:32Z","timestamp":1783103612582,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC3709203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3709203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017691","name":"Guangxi Key Research and Development Plan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GUIKEAB24010219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GUIKEAB24010219"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U24A20766"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24A20766"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82411530062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82411530062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Zhongnanshan Medical Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["ZNSXS-20230012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZNSXS-20230012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although particulate matter has been associated with sleep problems, the effects of PM2.5-bound organophosphate esters (OPEs) on children\u2019s sleep remain unclear. OPEs have neurotoxic and endocrine-disrupting effects that may disrupt sleep\u2013wake regulation during neurodevelopment, supporting biological plausibility for sleep impacts. In this study, we quantified the individual and mixture effects of PM2.5-bound OPEs on the sleep disorder domain. This cross-sectional study included 110,169 children aged 6\u201318 years from primary and secondary schools in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China. Sleep disorders were evaluated using the validated Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC). Elastic net and mixed effect models identified specific OPE\u2013sleep associations, while weighted quantile sum regression evaluated mixture effects. All odds ratios indicate a change in the likelihood of sleep disorders per interquartile range (IQR) increase in OPE concentrations. The strongest individual associations were observed for TDCIPP with short sleep duration (OR = 1.56\u20131.61; moderate association), TEHP with short sleep duration (OR = 1.59\u20131.64; moderate association), and TPHP with overall sleep disorder (OR = 1.32\u20131.42; modest association). Combined OPE exposure was positively associated with all sleep disorder domains (ORs = 2.02\u20132.85; moderate-to-large associations). These results indicate that inhaling PM2.5-bound OPE mixtures could negatively impact children\u2019s sleep health. This emphasizes a critical developmental period and highlights the importance of public health concerns related to emerging airborne contaminants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14020134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T14:52:36Z","timestamp":1769698356000},"page":"134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["PM2.5-Bound Organophosphate Esters and Childhood Sleep Disorders: Evidence from the Pearl River Delta Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Li-Ping","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Test Technical Service Center, DeRucci Healthy Sleep Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523900, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The Second Naval Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Sanya 573000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxiang","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thornlea Secondary School, York Region District School Board, 8075 Bayview Avenue, Thornhill, ON L3T 4N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Ting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Wen","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing-Wen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Xia","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8191-635X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Amjad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8786-0510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pei-Pei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Medicine Department, Sanya Central Hospital (The Third People\u2019s Hospital of Hainan Province), Sanya 572000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.10.007","article-title":"Predictors of urinary flame retardants in pregnancy","volume":"98","author":"Hoffman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. 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