{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T18:05:16Z","timestamp":1791482716825,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82473662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82473662"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82371692"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82371692"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Microplastics and nanoplastics, as pervasive and persistent environmental pollutants, are raising growing concerns regarding their potential risks to reproductive health, particularly pregnancy outcomes. Although the reproductive toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) has been reported, the specific mechanisms underlying their effects on placental development and offspring health following gestational exposure remain unclear. Method: This study aimed to investigate the effects of gestational exposure to PS-NPs of different sizes (50 and 200 nm) and concentrations (1, 3, and 10 mg\/mL) on placental function and embryonic development in ICR mice. An exposure model was established via tail vein injection, and samples were collected on embryonic Day 14.5 (E14.5). Results: the exposed groups tended towards increased embryo weight, embryo length, and embryo head circumference. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that PS-NP exposure significantly downregulated the expression of Ndufa5 (a subunit of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I) and mt-CO1 (a core subunit of complex IV), but upregulated the expression of the genes Cldn1 (tight junction protein) and Erbb3 (receptor tyrosine kinase) in the placenta. Differentially expressed genes were enriched primarily in pathways related to oxidative phosphorylation, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and ErbB signalling. Conclusions: These changes collectively led to decreased mitochondrial ATP production, increased oxidative stress in the placenta, and potentially altered placental barrier function and trophoblast cell proliferation signalling. This study reveals a novel mechanism by which PS-NPs disrupt placental development and embryonic growth through impairment of placental energy metabolic homeostasis and key signalling pathways, thus providing crucial experimental evidence for assessing the reproductive and developmental toxicity of nanoplastics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14020158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T08:15:54Z","timestamp":1770624954000},"page":"158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Polystyrene Nanoparticles Disrupt Oxidative Phosphorylation and Impair Placental Development in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Bingyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"},{"name":"International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nairui","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Medical College of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiqi","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nannan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denglu","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weipeng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser Technology and Solid Luminescent Materials Research Team, College of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siqi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser Technology and Solid Luminescent Materials Research Team, College of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuesong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"},{"name":"International School, Guangzhou Huali College, Guangzhou 511325, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7595-2880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"},{"name":"Guangdong-Hong Kong Metabolism & Reproduction Joint Laboratory, Shenzhen 518053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qihao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Tsakona, L.M., Baker, E., Rucevska, I., Maes, T., and Appelquist, K.R. 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