{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:53:09Z","timestamp":1788915189754,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Fetal and postnatal development appears to be influenced in multiple ways by exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). We used hair biomonitoring to assess the burden of selected EDCs\u2014bisphenol S (BPS), parabens (PBs), triclosan (TCS), and organochlorine pollutants\u2014in pregnant women and their children at birth and at ten months of follow-up. Methods: Hair samples were collected from pregnant women in Crete at delivery and from their infants shortly after birth and during follow-up. The assessment of EDCs\u2019 burden was performed using liquid and gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (LC-MS, GC-MS). Results: Pregnant mothers had higher BPS levels than their infants at birth, whereas at 10 months\u2019 follow-up, infants exhibited markedly higher BPS concentrations than both their birth levels and the maternal levels, indicating increasing postnatal exposure. Infants at birth had higher TCS levels than their mothers; these levels then declined at follow-up. In contrast, mothers contained higher levels of MeP, EthP, BenP, and ButP levels than those of infants, either at birth or at ten months\u2019 follow-up. Organochlorine compounds were present at low but measurable levels. Significant pairwise comparisons were observed for some of the EDC analytes, mostly between mothers and their infants and between mothers and infants at follow-up. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate constant, compound-specific, and time-dependent EDC burdens, highlighting the importance of prenatal EDC exposure in infants at birth and at ten months\u2019 follow-up compared to that of mothers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14020175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T12:37:28Z","timestamp":1771245448000},"page":"175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Dynamics of Endocrine Disruptor Exposure in Early Life: A Mother\u2013Infant Hair Biomonitoring Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Kalligiannaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Neonatology\/Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Heraklion, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella","family":"Baliou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Vakonaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5846-388X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleftherios","family":"Panteris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology\/Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Heraklion, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6256-3309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleftheria","family":"Hatzidaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology\/Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Heraklion, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manolis","family":"Tzatzarakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2002). 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