{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:32:42Z","timestamp":1780471962657,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32000293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32000293"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Guangxi Natural Science Foundation","award":["2020JJA130077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020JJA130077"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Natural Science Foundation","award":["2018JJB140423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018JJB140423"]}]},{"name":"University Level Scientific Research Project of Zhejiang Shuren University","award":["2022R064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R064"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Shuren University School-Level Research Project","award":["2023A11001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A11001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Propylparaben (PP) is a widely used preservative in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food products, and its potential toxicity to non-target aquatic invertebrates remains a concern. This study used the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata as a model organism to evaluate the toxic effects of PP through acute and chronic exposures at embryonic, newly hatched, and adult stages. Acute exposure experiments showed concentration-dependent mortality and developmental inhibition, with LC50 values of 36.69 mg\/L (embryos, 168 h), 33.48 mg\/L (newly hatched snails, 96 h), and 57.05 mg\/L (adults, 72 h). Chronic exposure of adult snails to 10\u201349 mg\/L PP for 21 days significantly reduced growth and reproductive output, and no embryo masses were observed at concentrations \u2265 25 mg\/L. Histological observations revealed progressive damage to the hepatopancreas and gonads. These results demonstrate that PP induces multiple toxic effects in B. glabrata, affecting survival, growth, reproduction, and tissue structure under both acute and chronic exposure conditions. The findings provide experimental evidence for evaluating the ecological risks of paraben contamination in freshwater ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14030203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T15:52:38Z","timestamp":1772207558000},"page":"203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Propylparaben in the Freshwater Snail Biomphalaria glabrata: Effects on Survival, Growth, Reproduction, and Histopathology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Qingzhi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, 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