{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T23:24:45Z","timestamp":1777591485121,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project","award":["2023ZD0510105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZD0510105"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Medical Research Fund","award":["B2503010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B2503010"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Medical Research Fund","award":["C2302001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C2302001"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["JCYJ20210324124201004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20210324124201004"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81973004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81973004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016804","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shenzhen Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JCYJ20240813142717023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20240813142717023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Scientific Foundation for Youth Scholars of Shenzhen University","award":["868\/000005030303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["868\/000005030303"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fipronil (FPN), a widely used insecticide, poses health risks through environmental contamination. Although its toxicity is increasingly recognized, the impact of fipronil on glucose metabolism remains poorly understood. In this study, mice on a normal diet (ND) or high-fat diet (HFD) received a daily oral administration of fipronil (0, 0.25, 1, or 4 mg\/kg) for 35 days. Blood glucose and insulin were measured, and glucose\/insulin\/pyruvate tolerance tests were performed. We found that fipronil compromised glucose tolerance in mice fed an ND. Gut microbiota composition was assessed by 16S rRNA sequencing and the expression of inflammatory factors was detected in the tissues. Serum fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) and bile acid were determined. In HFD-fed mice, fipronil exacerbated glucose metabolic disorders and enhanced insulin resistance. These metabolic disturbances were associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis, particularly a marked reduction in Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) abundance, and increased systemic inflammation. Fipronil exposure also decreased serum FGF15 and elevated serum bile acids. Our results suggest that fipronil disrupts glucose metabolism in association with gut microbiota alterations, impairment of the FGF15-bile acid axis, and induction of inflammation, highlighting its potential relevance to diabetes risk. Further studies are warranted to validate our findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14030207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T10:24:34Z","timestamp":1772447074000},"page":"207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of Fipronil Exposure on Glucose Metabolism Disorder via the Gut Microbiota and Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6069-5867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziquan","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China"},{"name":"Division of Conservation and Application of Biological Resources, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China"},{"name":"Division of Conservation and Application of Biological Resources, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Conservation and Application of Biological Resources, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changfeng","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Conservation and Application of Biological Resources, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Conservation and Application of Biological Resources, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyue","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Conservation and Application of Biological Resources, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Conservation and Application of Biological Resources, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Conservation and Application of Biological Resources, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangnan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Conservation and Application of Biological Resources, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6252-0904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuebin","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Conservation and Application of Biological Resources, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suli","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yajie","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 233100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (2016). 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