{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T12:58:26Z","timestamp":1793278706452,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC3709500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3709500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi","award":["2022P007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022P007"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42077201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42077201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many previous studies on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have focused on Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Station (PAMS) VOCs at a single site, yet there is limited understanding of the spatial heterogeneity of both PAMS VOCs and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) across multiple functional zones at the city scale. To better understand the characteristics, sources and the effects of VOCs on O3, we conducted simultaneous measurements of 71 VOCs (57 PAMS VOCs and 14 OVOCs) at three urban sites (Taoyuan, TY; Jinyuan, JY; Xiaodian, XD) and one suburban site (Shanglan, SL) in Taiyuan, a heavily industrialized city in northern China, during the summertime of 2022 and 2023. Total VOCs (TVOCs) concentrations were comparable at SL (21.9 \u00b1 7.7 ppbv) and JY (21.9 \u00b1 8.7 ppbv), but higher than those at TY (20.3 \u00b1 6.3 ppbv) and XD (19.5 \u00b1 6.4 ppbv). OVOCs were the dominant component at all sites, accounting for over 60% of TVOCs, with formaldehyde as the most abundant species. Ozone formation potential (OFP) followed the order of SL (119.6 \u00b1 47.7 ppbv) &gt; JY (112.0 \u00b1 58.2 ppbv) &gt; TY (100.4 \u00b1 34.2 ppbv) &gt; XD (97.1 \u00b1 34.1 ppbv), with OVOCs contributing over 75% to the total OFP. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) resolved seven sources, with secondary formation as the largest contributor at all sites (24.6\u201332.5% of TVOCs, 30.5\u201337.0% of OFP). The second-largest source of VOCs and OFP exhibited a systematic spatial gradient: biogenic sources at SL (22.0%, 28.9%), gasoline vehicle exhausts at TY (22.5%, 21.8%), coking sources at JY (23.9%, 22.8%), and combustion sources at XD (23.6%, 26.0%). The lack of OVOCs could lead to an overestimation of primary sources and an underestimation of photochemical processing in source apportionment studies. These findings demonstrate that zone-specific measures should be complemented by regional precursor reductions for effective O3 mitigation in Taiyuan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14030220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T08:51:33Z","timestamp":1772614293000},"page":"220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Spatial Characteristics, Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds and Effects on O3 Formation in Summer in Taiyuan, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lili","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Coordinated Management and Control for Environmental Quality, School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingxi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Coordinated Management and Control for Environmental Quality, School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Coordinated Management and Control for Environmental Quality, School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5766-8875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiusheng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Coordinated Management and Control for Environmental Quality, School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhentao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Coordinated Management and Control for Environmental Quality, School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Coordinated Management and Control for Environmental Quality, School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1982-0928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8954","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c00054","article-title":"Drivers of Increasing Ozone during the Two Phases of Clean Air Actions in China 2013\u20132020","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. 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