{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:37:55Z","timestamp":1792172275352,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["42067059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42067059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["42367064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42367064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Projects of Yunnan Universities Serving Key Industries","award":["FWCY-ZNT2025013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FWCY-ZNT2025013"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Xingdian Talent Program","award":["YNQR-QNRC-2018-049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YNQR-QNRC-2018-049"]}]},{"name":"Open Funding of Yunnan Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety","award":["KLPHB_2023_03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KLPHB_2023_03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urban green spaces (UGSs) provide essential ecological services but also accumulate heavy metals (HMs) in their soils, posing a paradoxical health risk through dermal exposure. Traditional risk assessments, based solely on total HM concentrations, often overestimate threats by ignoring bioavailability (the fraction actually absorbed by organisms) and dynamic skin microenvironment factors. This review synthesizes recent advances to propose a precision assessment framework that integrates bioavailability. The framework advocates for the incorporation of bioaccessibility (the fraction of pollutants dissolved in body fluids)-driven exposure metrics (e.g., physiologically based extraction tests), mechanistic dermal permeation models (e.g., Franz diffusion cells, 3D skin constructs), and population-specific susceptibility factors (e.g., children, individuals with compromised skin). We elucidate how soil properties (pH, organic matter) and metal speciation (e.g., Cr(III)\/Cr(VI)) modulate cutaneous uptake, and detail toxicological mechanisms including oxidative stress, ferroptosis\/cuproptosis, immunotoxicity, and pigmentation disorders. Case studies reveal heterogeneous HM hotspots in high-traffic and densely populated areas, while in vitro\u2013in vivo extrapolation highlights the potential for misestimation in traditional models. Consequently, we discuss the limitations and future directions of this framework, aiming to shift UGS risk management from over-conservative assessment to bioavailability-based precision governance, thereby supporting the health security of sustainable urban habitats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14030236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T08:43:31Z","timestamp":1773132211000},"page":"236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Dermal Exposure to Heavy Metals in Urban Green Space Soils: A Review of Bioavailability, Toxic Mechanisms, and Precision Risk Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yiping","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Wetland Conservation, Restoration and Ecological Services, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daolei","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Wetland Conservation, Restoration and Ecological Services, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaolai","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Wetland Conservation, Restoration and Ecological Services, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), University of Malaya (UM), Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7549-5015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chin","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), University of Malaya (UM), Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0870-8551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ping","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Wetland Conservation, Restoration and Ecological Services, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China"},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11610","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11610","article-title":"Neighborhood greenspace and health in a large urban center","volume":"5","author":"Kardan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.141266","article-title":"Urban green space area mitigates the accumulation of heavy metals in urban soils","volume":"352","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartkowiak, A., Lemanowicz, J., Rydlewska, M., and Sowi\u0144ski, P. (2024). The Impact of Proximity to Road Traffic on Heavy Metal Accumulation and Enzyme Activity in Urban Soils and Dandelion. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16020812"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.08.057","article-title":"Response of soil microbial communities and microbial interactions to long-term heavy metal contamination","volume":"231","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-021-02876-4","article-title":"Determination of background values and assessment of pollution and ecological risk of heavy metals in urban agricultural soils of Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon","volume":"21","author":"Aboubakar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Soils Sediments"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-015-0308-z","article-title":"Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables grown in urban gardens","volume":"35","author":"Antisari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, B.F., Poulsen, M.N., Margulies, J.D., Dix, K.L., Palmer, A.M., and Nachman, K.E. (2014). Urban community gardeners\u2019 knowledge and perceptions of soil contaminant risks. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087913"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"077002","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP930","article-title":"Estimates of Soil Ingestion in a Population of Chinese Children","volume":"125","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.02.023","article-title":"Choreographing Immunity in the Skin Epithelial Barrier","volume":"50","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131523","article-title":"Metal(loid) speciation in dermal bioaccessibility extracts from contaminated soils and permeation through synthetic skin","volume":"455","author":"Zagury","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J.K., and Thyssen, J.P. (2018). Penetration of Metals Through the Skin Barrier. Metal Allergy: From Dermatitis to Implant and Device Failure, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-58503-1"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Celebi Sozener, Z., \u00d6zbey Y\u00fccel, \u00dc., Altiner, S., Ozdel Ozt\u00fcrk, B., Cerci, P., T\u00fcrk, M., Gorg\u00fcl\u00fc Akin, B., Akdis, M., Yilmaz, I., and Ozdemir, C. (2022). The External Exposome and Allergies: From the Perspective of the Epithelial Barrier Hypothesis. Front. Allergy, 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2022.887672"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anselm, O.H., Davidson, C.M., Oyeyiola, A.O., and Oluseyi, T.O. (2022). Effects of Artificial Sweat Formulation and Extraction Temperature on Estimation of the Dermal Bioaccessibility of Potentially Toxic Elements in a Contaminated Soil from an E-Waste Recycling Site. Geosciences, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences12010031"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8215","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c02038","article-title":"Comparison of Synthetic Sweat and Influence of Sebum in the Permeation of Bioaccessible Metal(loid)s from Contaminated Soils through a Synthetic Skin Membrane","volume":"55","author":"Zagury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86762","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-28388-x","article-title":"Influence of sebum proportion in synthetic sweat on dermal bioaccessibility and on permeation of metal(loid)s from contaminated soils","volume":"30","author":"Ghislain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118353","article-title":"Percutaneous metals absorption following exposure to road dust powder","volume":"292","author":"Magnano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-023-12021-y","article-title":"Will different land uses affect heavy metal pollution in soils of roadside trees? An empirical study from Shanghai","volume":"195","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9408","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-31303-z","article-title":"Human health risk assessment of metals in soil samples of a Brazilian city with a historic contamination complex","volume":"31","author":"Ramires","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6996","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c06948","article-title":"Trends and Challenges Regarding the Source-Specific Health Risk of PM2.5-Bound Metals in a Chinese Megacity from 2014 to 2020","volume":"56","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1089\/env.2016.0040","article-title":"Soil Contamination in Urban Communities Impacted by Industrial Pollution and Goods Movement Activities","volume":"10","author":"Wilson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Justice"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114417","article-title":"Understanding the emission pattern and source contribution of hazardous air pollutants from open burning of municipal solid waste in China","volume":"263","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7120","DOI":"10.1021\/es2003233","article-title":"Heavy Metal Contents of Road-Deposited Sediment along the Urban\u2013Rural Gradient around Beijing and its Potential Contribution to Runoff Pollution","volume":"45","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-018-2011-6","article-title":"Impacts of urbanization and landscape patterns on the accumulation of heavy metals in soils in residential areas in Beijing","volume":"19","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Soils Sediments"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.137872","article-title":"Significant urban hotspots of atmospheric trace element deposition and potential effects on urban soil pollution in China","volume":"415","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tesic, M., Stojanovic, N., Knezevic, M., Dunisijevic-Bojovic, D., Petrovic, J., and Pavlovic, P. (2022). The Impact of the Degree of Urbanization on Spatial Distribution, Sources and Levels of Heavy Metals Pollution in Urban Soils-A Case Study of the City of Belgrade (Serbia). Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su142013126"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.06.082","article-title":"Exposure assessment and risk characterization from trace elements following soil ingestion by children exposed to playgrounds, parks and picnic areas","volume":"182","author":"Guney","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saleem, M., Sens, D.A., Somji, S., Pierce, D., Wang, Y., Leopold, A., Haque, M.E., and Garrett, S.H. (2023). Contamination Assessment and Potential Human Health Risks of Heavy Metals in Urban Soils from Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA. Toxics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11020132"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8989","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-12255-0","article-title":"Role of metallic pollutants in neurodegeneration: Effects of aluminum, lead, mercury, and arsenic in mediating brain impairment events and autism spectrum disorder","volume":"28","author":"Kaur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9898","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88969-z","article-title":"The effects of the exposure to neurotoxic elements on Italian schoolchildren behavior","volume":"11","author":"Renzetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165086","article-title":"Trimester-specific effects of maternal exposure to single and mixed metals on cord serum inflammatory cytokines levels: A prospective birth cohort study","volume":"895","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2016.08.001","article-title":"Children\u2019s white blood cell counts in relation to developmental exposures to methylmercury and persistent organic pollutants","volume":"68","author":"Oulhote","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/4.3.301","article-title":"Impact of heavy metals on hormonal and immunological factors in women with repeated miscarriages","volume":"4","author":"Gerhard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2021.07.008","article-title":"Estimation of the accumulation rates and health risks of heavy metals in residential soils of three metropolitan cities in China","volume":"115","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, B., Sun, Z., Bai, D., Kong, L., Zhang, X., Chen, J., and Chen, D. (2024). The Identification of Soil Heavy Metal Sources and Environmental Risks in Industrial City Peri-Urban Areas: A Case Study from a Typical Peri-Urban Area in Western Laizhou, Shandong, China. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16114655"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, J., Chen, M., Xiao, J., Xu, G., Zhang, H., Zhang, G., Yang, F., Zhao, C., and Guo, L. (2025). Exploring the Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Urban Soil Heavy Metals in Different Levels of Urbanization. Agronomy, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy15020418"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Ren, Y., Li, C., Shang, Y., Ji, R., Yao, D., and He, Y. (2025). Pollution Characteristics and Ecological Risk Assessment of Typical Heavy Metals in the Soil of the Heavy Industrial City Baotou. Processes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr13010170"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3855","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07864-3","article-title":"Study on the risk of soil heavy metal pollution in typical developed cities in eastern China","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, X., Lu, J., Zhao, X., Wei, Q., Gou, Z., Hou, Y., and Lai, Y. (2024). An Investigation into the Viability of Portable Proximal Sensor X-Ray Fluorescence Data for Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Urban Soils: A Case Study in Changchun, China. Toxics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12110798"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15127","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65811-w","article-title":"Spatial\u2013temporal variation and source analysis of heavy metals in different land use types in Beilun District (2015 and 2022)","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-023-06244-5","article-title":"Heavy Metal Pollution of Soil in Vienna, Austria","volume":"234","author":"Bibi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2013.791535","article-title":"Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Urban Soil of Karachi, Pakistan","volume":"20","author":"Karim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119216","article-title":"Heavy metals in urban soil: Contamination levels, spatial distribution and human health risk assessment (the case of Ufa city, Russia)","volume":"257","author":"Goncharov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u0103cu\u0219an Ghircoia\u0219, O., T\u0103n\u0103selia, C., Chintoanu, M., Cri\u0219an, I., Hoble, A., \u0218tefan, R., and D\u00eerja, M. (2023). Relevance of Soil Heavy Metal XRF Screening for Quality and Landscaping of Public Playgrounds. Toxics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11060530"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204181","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2023.2204181","article-title":"Assessment of heavy metals pollution status of surface soil dusts at the Katima Mulilo urban motor park, Namibia","volume":"14","author":"Abah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kratasyuk, V.A., Kolosova, E.M., Sutormin, O.S., Lonshakova-Mukina, V., Baygin, M.M., Rimatskaya, N., Sukovataya, I.E., and Shpedt, A.A. (2021). Software for Matching Standard Activity Enzyme Biosensors for Soil Pollution Analysis. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21031017"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124493","article-title":"Rationally engineered nanosensors: A novel strategy for the detection of heavy metal ions in the environment","volume":"409","author":"Numan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mileti\u0107, A., Lu\u010di\u0107, M., and Onjia, A. (2023). Exposure Factors in Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal(loid)s in Soil and Sediment. Metals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/met13071266"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3425","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-021-01105-8","article-title":"Heavy metal load and effects on biochemical properties in urban soils of a medium-sized city, Ancona, Italy","volume":"44","author":"Serrani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, X.-J., Li, Q., Peng, H., Zhang, J.-X., Chen, W.-J., Zhou, B.-C., and Chen, M. (2022). Remediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils with Soil Washing: A Review. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su142013058"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2174\/1573411016999200817174311","article-title":"Cadmium Contamination, Bioavailability, Uptake Mechanism and Remediation Strategies in Soil-Plant-Environment System: A Critical Review","volume":"17","author":"Riaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2026.141178","article-title":"Dermal Exposure to Heavy Metals Contaminated Soil from E-Waste Sites: Linking Bioaccessibility to Cellular Uptake, Cytotoxicity, and Transport Mechanisms in Skin Cells","volume":"503","author":"Cui","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112985","article-title":"Incorporating bioaccessibility and source apportionment into human health risk assessment of heavy metals in urban dust of Xiamen, China","volume":"228","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-018-0196-7","article-title":"Bioaccessibility and risk assessment of heavy metals, and analysis of arsenic speciation in Cordyceps sinensis","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.10.089","article-title":"Can in vitro assays account for interactions between inorganic co-contaminants observed during in vivo relative bioavailability assessment?","volume":"233","author":"Ollson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.113853","article-title":"Bioaccessibility assessment of arsenic and cadmium in polished and unpolished rice: Comparison of three in vitro methods","volume":"177","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295A","DOI":"10.1021\/es032524f","article-title":"Peer Reviewed: Contaminant Bioavailability in Soil and Sediment","volume":"37","author":"Ehlers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-021-03091-x","article-title":"Pollution indices and biotests as useful tools for the evaluation of the degree of soil contamination by trace elements","volume":"22","author":"Wieczorek","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Soils Sediments"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.05.038","article-title":"One year exposure to Cd- and Pb-contaminated soil causes metal accumulation and alteration of global DNA methylation in rats","volume":"252","author":"Nakayama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.114648","article-title":"Emblica officinalis mitigates intestinal toxicity of mice by modulating gut microbiota in lead exposure","volume":"253","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-020-01104-1","article-title":"The role of PSMB5 in sodium arsenite\u2013induced oxidative stress in L-02 cells","volume":"25","author":"Lv","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stress Chaperones"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.01.021","article-title":"Distribution of heavy metals and metalloids in bulk and particle size fractions of soils from coal-mine brownfield and implications on human health","volume":"172","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2131327","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.31327","article-title":"Association Between Prenatal Exposure to Metals and Atopic Dermatitis Among Children Aged 4 Years in Taiwan","volume":"4","author":"Tsai","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164133","article-title":"Associations of exposure to blood and urinary heavy metal mixtures with psoriasis risk among US adults: A cross-sectional study","volume":"887","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101474","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202101474","article-title":"Advanced In Vitro Models for Replacement of Animal Experiments","volume":"17","author":"Clift","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.130994","article-title":"Polyethylene and polypropylene microplastics reduce chemisorption of cadmium in paddy soil and increase its bioaccessibility and bioavailability","volume":"449","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.13083","article-title":"Effects of microplastics and biochar on soil cadmium availability and wheat plant performance","volume":"15","author":"Miao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol. Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116858","article-title":"Mechanistic insights into cadmium exacerbating 2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate-induced human keratinocyte toxicity: Oxidative damage, cell apoptosis, and tight junction disruption","volume":"283","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15729.2","article-title":"Changes in nano-mechanical properties of human epidermal cornified cells in children with atopic dermatitis","volume":"5","author":"Haftek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"874","article-title":"Newborn and elderly skin: Two fragile skins at higher risk of pressure injury","volume":"97","author":"Lamartine","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2494.2008.00459.x","article-title":"Location-related differences in structure and function of the stratum corneum with special emphasis on those of the facial skin","volume":"30","author":"Tagami","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14489","article-title":"pH in nature, humans and skin","volume":"45","author":"Proksch","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386936","DOI":"10.1100\/2012\/386936","article-title":"Variation of biophysical parameters of the skin with age, gender, and body region","volume":"2012","author":"Firooz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsc.2023.05.004","article-title":"Skin Anatomy and Analysis","volume":"31","author":"Zachary","year":"2023","journal-title":"Facial Plast. Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2019.04.009","article-title":"Aging of the skin barrier","volume":"37","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(02)00257-0","article-title":"Factors determining percutaneous metal absorption","volume":"41","author":"Hostynek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.01.008","article-title":"In vitro dermal bioaccessibility of selected metals in contaminated soil and mine tailings and human health risk characterization","volume":"197","author":"Guney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3495","article-title":"Iron and cancer: More ore to be mined","volume":"13","author":"Torti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L., Zhao, Y., Liu, F., Chen, H., Tan, T., Yao, P., and Tang, Y. (2022). Biological aging mediates the associations between urinary metals and osteoarthritis among US adults. BMC Med., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02403-3"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.5b00421","article-title":"In Vitro Permeation of Metals through Human Skin: A Review and Recommendations","volume":"28","author":"Franken","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2007.02.009","article-title":"In vitro percutaneous absorption of metal compounds","volume":"170","author":"Larese","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2009.01.015","article-title":"In vitro absorption of metal powders through intact and damaged human skin","volume":"23","author":"Filon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitro"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxaa061","article-title":"A Case Study of Brass Foundry Workers\u2019 Estimated Lead (Pb) Body Burden from Different Exposure Routes","volume":"64","author":"Julander","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Work Expo. Health"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2022.153136","article-title":"Heavy metals induced mitochondrial dysfunction in animals: Molecular mechanism of toxicity","volume":"469","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2018.11.022","article-title":"Primary green turtle (Chelonia mydas) skin fibroblasts as an in vitro model for assessing genotoxicity and oxidative stress","volume":"207","author":"Finlayson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12227","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-022-07897-x","article-title":"Carcinogenic effects of heavy metals by inducing dysregulation of microRNAs: A review","volume":"49","author":"Aalami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, M., Cui, D., Cheng, Y., Ma, Z., Liu, C., Yan, C., Li, L., and Xiang, P. (2025). Heavy Metals in Infant Clothing: Assessing Dermal Exposure Risks and Pathways for Sustainable Textile Policies. Toxics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13080622"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esser, P.R., W\u00f6lfle, U., D\u00fcrr, C., von Loewenich, F.D., Schempp, C.M., Freudenberg, M.A., Jakob, T., and Martin, S.F. (2012). Contact sensitizers induce skin inflammation via ROS production and hyaluronic acid degradation. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041340"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.11.120","article-title":"The regulatory role of COX-2 in the interaction between Cr(VI)-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy in DF-1 cells","volume":"170","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124607","article-title":"The role of ATF6 in Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis in DF-1 cells","volume":"410","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110523","article-title":"Hexavalent chromium disrupts the skin barrier by targeting ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway apoptosis in keratinocytes","volume":"379","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J.-Y., Cui, D.-L., Xie, Y.-M., Su, J.-Z., Zhang, M.-Y., Niu, Y.-Y., and Xiang, P. (2022). Mechanisms of Cd-Induced Cytotoxicity in Normal Human Skin Keratinocytes: Implication for Human Health. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911767"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.03.081","article-title":"The involvement of the mitochondrial pathway in manganese-induced apoptosis of chicken splenic lymphocytes","volume":"153","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf0529","article-title":"Copper induces cell death by targeting lipoylated TCA cycle proteins","volume":"375","author":"Tsvetkov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-022-00653-7","article-title":"Cuproptosis: A copper-triggered modality of mitochondrial cell death","volume":"32","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-04284-5","article-title":"Inhibition of keratinocyte ferroptosis suppresses psoriatic inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Shou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, K., Lin, Y., Zhou, D., Li, P., Zhao, X., Han, Z., and Chen, H. (2024). Unveiling ferroptosis: A new frontier in skin disease research. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1485523"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.21037\/tcr-23-1308","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of the effects of the cuprotosis-associated gene SLC31A1 on patient prognosis and tumor microenvironment in human cancer","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C.-H., Wu, N.-L., and Tsai, T.-F. (2025). How Cells Die in Psoriasis?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202504.0267.v1"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21327-8","article-title":"The Fate of a Hapten\u2014From the Skin to Modification of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) in Lymph Nodes","volume":"8","author":"Karlsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1919","article-title":"Crucial role for human Toll-like receptor 4 in the development of contact allergy to nickel","volume":"11","author":"Schmidt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2414979","DOI":"10.1080\/1547691X.2024.2414979","article-title":"Assessment of dermal sensitization by nickel salts in a novel humanized TLR-4 mouse model","volume":"21","author":"Roach","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12270","article-title":"Epicutaneous exposure to nickel induces nickel allergy in mice via a MyD88-dependent and interleukin-1-dependent pathway","volume":"71","author":"Vennegaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Contact Dermat."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s13273-025-00529-y","article-title":"Influences of environmentally hazardous substances on atopic dermatitis: A review","volume":"21","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"1038","article-title":"Oral Cadmium Intake Enhances Contact Allergen-induced Skin Reaction in Rats","volume":"35","author":"Tucovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.09.003","article-title":"Mercury modulates the CYP1A1 at transcriptional and posttranslational levels in human hepatoma HepG2 cells","volume":"199","author":"Amara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.02.027","article-title":"Arsenite down-regulates cytochrome P450 1A1 at the transcriptional and posttranslational levels in human HepG2 cells","volume":"48","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12414","article-title":"Heavy metal analysis in of indoor and outdoor dust extracts and cytotoxicity evaluation and inflammation factors on lung, gastric and skin cell lines","volume":"8","author":"Naimabadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"188","article-title":"Review of chromium (VI) apoptosis, cell-cycle-arrest, and carcinogenesis","volume":"28","author":"Chiu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part C Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxicol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111752","article-title":"Different mechanisms of arsenic related signaling in cellular proliferation, apoptosis and neo-plastic transformation","volume":"208","author":"Medda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1463-y","article-title":"p53 \u03b2-hydroxybutyrylation attenuates p53 activity","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-024-02923-3","article-title":"Signatures of epigenetic, biological and mitotic age acceleration and telomere shortening are associated with arsenic-induced skin lesions","volume":"316","author":"Jeremian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.41.105","article-title":"Arsenic acid inhibits proliferation of skin fibroblasts, and increases cellular senescence through ROS mediated MST1-FOXO signaling pathway","volume":"41","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21738","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202100354R","article-title":"Prolonged cadmium exposure alters benign uterine fibroid cell behavior, extracellular matrix components, and TGFB signaling","volume":"35","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vielee, S.T., and Wise, J.P. (2023). Among Gerontogens, Heavy Metals Are a Class of Their Own: A Review of the Evidence for Cellular Senescence. Brain Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13030500"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200102040-00006","article-title":"Drug-induced skin pigmentation. Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"2","author":"Dereure","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7505","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1204940","article-title":"Silencing of HTR1B and reduced expression of EDN1 in human lung cancers, revealed by methylation-sensitive representational difference analysis","volume":"20","author":"Takai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-017-1975-0","article-title":"Arsenic-mediated hyperpigmentation in skin via NF-kappa B\/endothelin-1 signaling in an originally developed hairless mouse model","volume":"91","author":"Yajima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2013.46.7.250","article-title":"Endothelin-1 enhances the melanogenesis via MITF-GPNMB pathway","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanwar, J., Ahuja, K., Sharma, A., Sehgal, P., Ranjan, G., Sultan, F., Agrawal, A., D\u2019Angelo, D., Priya, A., and Yenamandra, V.K. (2024). Mitochondrial calcium uptake orchestrates vertebrate pigmentation via transcriptional regulation of keratin filaments. PLoS Biol., 22.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002895"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2018.07.022","article-title":"A quantitative risk assessment for skin sensitizing plant protection products: Linking derived No-Effect levels (DNELs) with agricultural exposure models","volume":"98","author":"Sanvido","year":"2018","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxae015","article-title":"Methods to assess dermal exposures in occupational settings: A scoping review","volume":"68","author":"Therkorn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Work Expo. Health"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11805","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c00706","article-title":"Estimation of Soil and Dust Ingestion Rates from the Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation Soil and Dust Model for Children in Taiwan","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"100633","article-title":"Airborne heavy metals penetrating through face masks: A manikin respiratory model study and associated health risks","volume":"17","author":"Cheraghian","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.02.319","article-title":"289 Oral administration of table grapes has a photoprotective effect on the sunburn response and on cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in humans In Vivo","volume":"136","author":"Oak","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2020.153276","article-title":"Sulforaphane controls the release of paracrine factors by keratinocytes and thus mitigates particulate matter-induced premature skin aging by suppressing melanogenesis and maintaining collagen homeostasis","volume":"77","author":"Ko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.15810\/jic.2012.8.4.004","article-title":"Antioxidative Effect of Portulaca oleracea L. Extract on Allergic Contact Dermatitis-Induced Agent, Copper in Cultured Human Skin Fibroblasts","volume":"8","author":"InJu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Investig. Cosmetol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115481","article-title":"Melatonin or vitamin C attenuates lead acetate-induced testicular oxidative and inflammatory damage in mice by inhibiting oxidative stress mediated NF-\u03baB signaling","volume":"264","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107664","article-title":"Effects of various Fe compounds on the bioavailability of Pb contained in orally ingested soils in mice: Mechanistic insights and health implications","volume":"170","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4166","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c01582","article-title":"Use of Dietary Components to Reduce the Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Cadmium in Rice","volume":"68","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127004","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP11730","article-title":"Ca Minerals and Oral Bioavailability of Pb, Cd, and as from Indoor Dust in Mice: Mechanisms and Health Implications","volume":"130","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/14\/3\/236\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T15:57:21Z","timestamp":1773935841000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/14\/3\/236"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics14030236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics14030236","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]}}}