{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:20:27Z","timestamp":1790882427731,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["315720001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["315720001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["31871962"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31871962"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Clothianidin (CLO) is a widely used neonicotinoid insecticide in agricultural systems and may pose risks to non-target aquatic organisms, including amphibians. Here, we evaluated acute and sublethal effects of CLO on Fejervarya cancrivora tadpoles, an important predator of insect pests in rice paddy ecosystems. Acute toxicity tests (96 h) yielded an LC50 of 50.41 mg a.i.\/L (with LC10, LC25 and LC30 values of 15.35, 31.96 and 36.07 mg a.i.\/L, respectively). Sublethal exposure at these concentrations significantly reduced body weight, whole-body length, and hindlimb length during metamorphosis. CLO also altered thyroid hormone regulation, with T4 showing a dose-dependent increase, while T3 was elevated relative to controls but showed comparatively limited additional sensitivity to concentration and exposure duration. Locomotor activity was impaired under sublethal CLO exposure, reflected by reduced swimming distance and speed. In addition, frogs that developed from CLO-exposed tadpoles exhibited decreased feeding efficiency on brown planthoppers (Nilaparvata lugens) across developmental stages 46\u201348. Together, these findings demonstrate that CLO can affect amphibian development, endocrine regulation, and behavior at sublethal levels, highlighting the need to incorporate sublethal endpoints into ecological risk assessment and to promote pest management strategies that reduce impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14030243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T09:00:37Z","timestamp":1773219637000},"page":"243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sublethal Clothianidin Exposure Impairs Development, Thyroid Hormones, Locomotion and Predation in Fejervarya cancrivora from Rice Paddy Ecosystems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Joko","family":"Pilianto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, University of Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia"},{"name":"Institute of Entomology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2195-4498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amr","family":"Abou El-Ela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt"},{"name":"Shandong Lushou Seed Industry Co., Ltd., Shouguang 262700, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9101-9545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asim","family":"Munawar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8225-7138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangfen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, 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Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0727-8086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenwu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3247-1486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zengrong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61345","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-35178-6","article-title":"An overview on the fate and behavior of imidacloprid in agricultural environments","volume":"31","author":"Fouad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. 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