{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T16:59:39Z","timestamp":1773853179952,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health NIEHS","award":["R01 ES035020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 ES035020"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health NIEHS","award":["T32 ES007015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 ES007015"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health NIEHS","award":["F31 ES036876"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31 ES036876"]}]},{"name":"Wisconsin O\u2019Brien Center for Benign Urologic Research","award":["U54 DK104310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54 DK104310"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) is a multifactorial disease process that encompasses diverse symptoms ranging from issues with storage and sensation to impaired emptying of the bladder. Furthermore, symptoms tend to worsen with age and other comorbidities and in men can also be influenced by changes to the prostate, making diagnosis and treatment difficult to manage. Environmental factors are thought to contribute to disease risk. In mice, previous work has found that developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is capable of altering voiding function in offspring. However, the effects of PCB exposure in adulthood instead of development are not well known. Whether changes in voiding are a consequence of early or later life exposures remains an important area of study, as environmental chemicals and exposures can occur across the lifespan and can be mitigated. Here, we test whether PCB exposure in adulthood alters voiding or prostate morphology in male mice. C57Bl\/6J adult male mice were exposed to the human-relevant MARBLES PCB mixture (0, 0.1, 1, and 6 mg\/kg\/d) orally daily for two months. Lower urinary tract function was then assessed through urodynamic testing including void spot assay, uroflowmetry, and anesthetized cystometry. Prostate lobes were collected for histology. The only change to voiding function was a reduction in void duration in the 6 versus 1 mg\/kg\/d PCB group but not to the vehicle control. Prostate, seminal vesicle, and testes wet weights were unchanged. However, PCB exposure reduced the number of Ki67-positive proliferating cells in the anterior and ventral prostate lobes only at the 1 mg\/kg\/d dose, with no change to caspase 3-positive cells or smooth muscle thickness. Together, these data indicate that 2-month exposure to PCBs in adult mice has little impact on voiding but is a sufficient exposure to produce changes in cell proliferation in the prostate. The mechanistic impacts of these changes remains to be investigated but could help better understand individual risk for LUTD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14030265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T10:11:12Z","timestamp":1773828672000},"page":"265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["PCB Exposure in Adult Male Mice Reduces Proliferating Cells in the Prostate but Minimally Alters Voiding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kathy","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Spiegelhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamryn","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Lavery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Conner L.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8605-4453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica M.","family":"Ridlon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7006-9420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberly P. Keil","family":"Stietz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.4362","article-title":"States Worse Than Death Among Hospitalized Patients With Serious Illnesses","volume":"176","author":"Rubin","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. 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