{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T11:05:50Z","timestamp":1774263950488,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004173","name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, DCBS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14409018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14409018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004173","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004173","name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, DCBS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CD.CBS.081.2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CD.CBS.081.2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004173","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004173","name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, DCBS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\/063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004173","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Puberty is a neuroendocrine process required for sexual maturity; it is regulated by the hypothalamic\u2013hypophysis\u2013gonadal (HHG) axis. Kisspeptin (KISS1) plays a vital role in activating this axis by stimulating the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Cadmium (Cd) exposure disrupts KISS1 signaling in female rodents; its effects on hypothalamic gene expression during male puberty remain poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of Cd exposure on hypothalamic Kiss1, Kiss1r, and Gnrh1 expression, preputial separation (PS) as a marker of pubertal onset, testosterone levels, Cd concentration, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the serum and hypothalamus of pubertal male Wistar rats. Animals received once a week intraperitoneal injection of CdCl2 (1 mg\/Kg body weight\/100 \u00b5L) or saline (100 \u00b5L) and were euthanized on postnatal day (PND) 35 or 49. Cd exposure reduced serum testosterone levels and TAC. Also, pubertal onset was delayed. At PND 35, Cd decreased hypothalamic Kiss1 expression, whereas at PND 49, it reduced Kiss1r and Gnrh1 expression. These results suggest that Cd alters hypothalamic gene expression, which may contribute to delayed puberty and impaired sexual maturity. Our findings suggest the vulnerability of puberty to exposure to Cd, acting as an endocrine disruptor and neurotoxicant, with alterations for male reproductive maturity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14030270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T09:48:42Z","timestamp":1774259322000},"page":"270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cadmium-Induced Neuroendocrine Alterations: Gene Expression of the Kisspeptin\u2013GnRH Axis and Delayed Puberty in Male Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6792-2187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcela","family":"Arteaga-Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinolog\u00eda Reproductiva, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda de la Reproducci\u00f3n, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. Ferrocarril San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Col. Leyes de Reforma 1\u00aa, Secci\u00f3n, Alcald\u00eda Iztapalapa, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 09340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduardo Miguel","family":"Cornejo de la Concha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Posgrado en Biolog\u00eda de la Reproducci\u00f3n Animal, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. Ferrocarril San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Col. Leyes de Reforma 1\u00aa, Secci\u00f3n, Alcald\u00eda Iztapalapa, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 09340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9226-7412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Adrian","family":"Landero-Huerta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda de la Reproducci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Montes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Acad\u00e9mica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa-Aztl\u00e1n, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Tamaulipas, Lago de Chapala y Calle 16, Aztl\u00e1n, Reynosa 88740, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7988-2231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio C\u00e9sar","family":"Rojas-Casta\u00f1eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda de la Reproducci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0187-1994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa Mar\u00eda","family":"Vigueras-Villase\u00f1or","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda de la Reproducci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1194-7633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cuerpo Acad\u00e9mico de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud de la Licenciatura en Quiropr\u00e1ctica (CA-UNEVE-01), Universidad Estatal del Valle de Ecatepec, Ecatepec de Morelos 55210, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Mar\u00edn de Jes\u00fas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinolog\u00eda Reproductiva, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda de la Reproducci\u00f3n, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. Ferrocarril San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Col. Leyes de Reforma 1\u00aa, Secci\u00f3n, Alcald\u00eda Iztapalapa, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 09340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonia Guadalupe","family":"P\u00e9rez-Aguirre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinolog\u00eda Reproductiva, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda de la Reproducci\u00f3n, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. Ferrocarril San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Col. Leyes de Reforma 1\u00aa, Secci\u00f3n, Alcald\u00eda Iztapalapa, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 09340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roc\u00edo Trilce","family":"L\u00f3pez-Ru\u00edz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinolog\u00eda Reproductiva, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda de la Reproducci\u00f3n, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. Ferrocarril San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Col. Leyes de Reforma 1\u00aa, Secci\u00f3n, Alcald\u00eda Iztapalapa, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 09340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Arrieta-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Investigaci\u00f3n B\u00e1sica, Instituto Nacional de Geriatr\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 10200, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-6199-9_12","article-title":"Kisspeptin and puberty in mammals","volume":"784","author":"Terasawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"8","article-title":"Kisspeptins and puberty","volume":"8","author":"Castellano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Endocrinol. 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