{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T07:29:10Z","timestamp":1774510150377,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023\/12109-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/12109-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100024138","name":"UNOESTE","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100024138","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) occurs mainly by inhalation. Studies indicate that respiratory allergic reactions are induced by this pesticide. This study analyzed the effects of chronic inhalation exposure to 2,4-D in the trachea of rats. We exposed the animals during six months to three different concentrations of 2,4-D used for crop spraying. Animals exposed to low concentrations had an increase in the mast cells count, showing that this herbicide can cause allergic reactions in the airways. The tracheal epithelium thickness, the nuclear area and number of nucleolar organizing regions increased proportionally to the exposure concentration and in correlation with each other. These histological tissue changes correspond to epithelial hypertrophy and increased cell activity and multiplication, and show an adaptation to tissue damage caused by 2,4-D. There was a tendency for inversion in the mucus pattern to acid and a decrease in goblet cells in the groups exposed to 2,4-D, which alters the protective mechanisms of the respiratory tract. The 2,4-D induced adaptations in the tracheal epithelium associated with an increase in herbicide concentrations, which may compromise mucociliary function and predispose the epithelium to additional lesions over time. Therefore, it should be used with appropriate respiratory protection equipment to avoid injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14040271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T12:58:59Z","timestamp":1774357139000},"page":"271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inhalation Exposure to 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Causes Tracheal Damage\u2014A Study in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3874-6080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Carolina Ferretti","family":"Wisenfad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of Presidente Prudente, Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente 19050-680, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabela Vieira","family":"Duran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Presidente Prudente, Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente 19050-680, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luciana Shiraichi","family":"Barga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente 11441-225, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of Guaruj\u00e1, Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Guaruj\u00e1 11441-225, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1674-7371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gisele Alborghetti","family":"Nai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of Presidente Prudente, Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente 19050-680, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente 11441-225, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente 19050-680, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (2015). 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