{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:49:00Z","timestamp":1790178540849,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Project of Guizhou","award":["[2024]268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2024]268"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Education Teaching Reform Project of Zunyi Medical University","award":["ZYK212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYK212"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Education Teaching Reform Project of Zunyi Medical University","award":["YJSKJJ20250228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YJSKJJ20250228"]}]},{"award":["ZYK212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYK212"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00g5b0g93","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["YJSKJJ20250228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YJSKJJ20250228"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00g5b0g93","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>6PPD-Quinone (6PPD-Q) is a tire derivative formed by the oxidation of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N\u2032-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), a commonly used antioxidant and ozone stabilizer in rubber products, and has emerged as a significant environmental concern in recent years. It is widely present in the atmosphere, surface lakes, and soil. The primary routes of exposure to 6PPD-Q are the digestive tract and respiratory tract. Studies indicate that it is a major factor causing acute mortality in coastal coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Reports indicate that 6PPD-Q exhibits greater chemical stability and stronger biological toxicity than 6PPD, demonstrating toxic effects across multiple species. 6PPD-Q has been detected in human urine samples, indicating a need for heightened attention to its potential health risks. 6PPD-Q exhibits multi-organ toxicity in organisms, including intestinal, hepatic, neurotoxic, and reproductive toxicity. Its potential toxic mechanisms are associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, and it can disrupt amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and lipid metabolism while interfering with signal transduction pathways by binding to specific receptors. This paper reviews the environmental contamination of 6PPD-Q, explores its potential toxic effects on organisms and underlying mechanisms, analyzes gaps in the current research and future trends, and contributes to a better understanding of its environmental occurrence and biological hazards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14040288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T08:22:36Z","timestamp":1774858956000},"page":"288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Not Just a Fish Killer: Multi-Organ Toxicity and Mechanisms of 6PPD-Quinone"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5428-6704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pinzhi","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection & Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Treatment of Guizhou Province, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meijun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection & Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Treatment of Guizhou Province, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection & Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Treatment of Guizhou Province, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaorong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology and Medicine Program, School of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai 519000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5091-4033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hailong","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection & Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Treatment of Guizhou Province, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection & Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Treatment of Guizhou Province, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junmin","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection & Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Treatment of Guizhou Province, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132265","article-title":"Tire-Rubber Related Pollutant 6-PPD Quinone: A Review of Its Transformation, Environmental Distribution, Bioavailability, and Toxicity","volume":"459","author":"Hua","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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