{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T02:44:19Z","timestamp":1777689859014,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["MC202031-Z07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC202031-Z07"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Activated sludge treatment is plagued by high secondary pollution risks, and ship antifouling paint particles (APPs) as hazardous heavy metal-rich solid wastes generated from hull derusting wastewater, pose severe environmental threats and intractable disposal dilemmas. This study developed a novel pilot-scale activated sludge reduction process coupling APPs-derived carbon-based catalysts with ultrasound-Fe2+\/peroxydisulfate (PDS) advanced oxidation. Columnar catalysts were fabricated via direct carbonization-molding using waste APPs from an 82,000 deadweight bulk carrier were used as the sole raw material to prepare columnar catalysts via direct carbonization-molding; single-factor and orthogonal experiments optimized process parameters, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) characterized catalyst and sludge properties, free radical quenching experiments elucidated reaction mechanisms and a 90-day continuous pilot run assessed catalytic stability. The process achieved a 43.5% sludge removal rate under optimal conditions, accompanied by 100% toluene and 92.3% phenolic compound degradation, as well as efficient total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) removal. Mechanistic studies via characterization and quenching experiments confirmed the catalyst enhanced PDS activation through free\/non-free radical synergy and accelerated Fe2+\/Fe3+ redox cycling. A 90-day continuous pilot operation demonstrated excellent long-term catalytic stability, with sludge removal rate remaining above 38%. This \u201cwaste treating waste\u201d technology realizes high-value APPs resource utilization, provides a low-carbon sludge disposal pathway, and offers a scalable solution for collaborative pollution control in the wastewater treatment and shipping industries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14040292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T08:22:36Z","timestamp":1774858956000},"page":"292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Application of Carbon-Based Catalysts Derived from Ship Antifouling Paint Particles in Ultrasound-Fe2+\/Peroxydisulfate Advanced Oxidation Process for Activated Sludge Reduction: A Pilot-Scale Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Can","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"COSCO Shipping Heavy Industry Co., Ltd., No. 628 Minsheng Road, Shanghai 200135, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kunkun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COSCO Shipping Heavy Industry (Weihai) Technology Co., Ltd., No. 9 South Shenyang Road, Weihai 264200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COSCO Shipping Heavy Industry Co., Ltd., No. 628 Minsheng Road, Shanghai 200135, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deli","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2011.02.076","article-title":"New sludge pretreatment method to improve dewaterability of waste activated sludge","volume":"102","author":"Yuan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioresour. 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