{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T01:43:46Z","timestamp":1788054226610,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003336","name":"Bulgarian National Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KP-06-M83\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KP-06-M83\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["KP-06-M83\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KP-06-M83\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05eg49r29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Increasing environmental contamination with microplastics (MPs) raises significant concerns regarding their potential impact on reproductive health. This study evaluated the effects of prolonged oral exposure to fluorescent polystyrene microplastics (FPS-MPs) of different sizes on the male reproductive system in Wistar rats. Juvenile male rats at 21 days of age were exposed to FPS-MPs of 1 \u00b5m and 5 \u00b5m for 52 days, covering the period of sexual maturation and a complete spermatogenesis cycle. Body weight, reproductive organ indices, serum levels of testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH), as well as sperm motility and morphology, were assessed. Reproductive potential and accumulation of microplastics in reproductive tissues were also evaluated. No significant differences were observed in body weight or most reproductive organ indices, except for a slight reduction in the left epididymis index in the group exposed to 5 \u00b5m particles. FPS-MPs induced size-dependent changes in the hormonal profile, including decreases in T and E2 and compensatory increases in FSH and LH, as well as impairments in sperm quality, which were more pronounced in rats exposed to smaller particles. In conclusion, fertility potential remained preserved, while FPS-MPs accumulated in the testes and epididymides, demonstrating subclinical, size-dependent effects on the male reproductive system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14040318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T12:21:32Z","timestamp":1775737292000},"page":"318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effects of 52-Day Oral Exposure to Fluorescent Polystyrene Microplastics on Hormonal Profile, Sperm Parameters, and Fertility in Male Wistar Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3459-1465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hristiyana","family":"Kanzova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str., Bl. 23, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4398-7912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madlena","family":"Andreeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str., Bl. 23, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2438-4853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yana","family":"Goranova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory of Military Toxicology, Department of Disaster Medicine and Toxicology, Military Medical Academy, 3 Georgi Sofiyski Str., 1606 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5252-7615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosen","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str., Bl. 25, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5449-6391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Manchev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction \u201cAcad. K. Bratanov\u201d, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 73, Tzarigradsko Shose Blvd., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2759-7981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hristo","family":"Gagov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6848-5513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iliyana","family":"Sazdova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Mishonova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neli","family":"Raikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Koceva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str., Bl. 23, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilyana","family":"Doncheva-Stoimenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7701-940X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel","family":"Rashev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction \u201cAcad. K. Bratanov\u201d, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 73, Tzarigradsko Shose Blvd., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7007-3665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albena","family":"Alexandrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str., Bl. 23, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5916-5200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elina","family":"Tsvetanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str., Bl. 23, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.025","article-title":"Synthetic Polymers in the Marine Environment: A Rapidly Increasing, Long-Term Threat","volume":"108","author":"Moore","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24928","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0116-x","article-title":"Characteristic of Microplastics in the Atmospheric Fallout from Dongguan City, China: Preliminary Research and First Evidence","volume":"24","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.06.004","article-title":"The Distribution of Microplastics in Soil Aggregate Fractions in Southwestern China","volume":"642","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113284","article-title":"Microplastics and Their Possible Sources: The Example of Ofanto River in Southeast Italy","volume":"258","author":"Campanale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1094559","article-title":"Lost at Sea: Where Is All the Plastic?","volume":"304","author":"Thompson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1600715113","article-title":"Marine Microplastics Spell Big Problems for Future Generations","volume":"113","author":"Galloway","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6634","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b00423","article-title":"Plastic and Human Health: A Micro Issue?","volume":"51","author":"Wright","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114158","article-title":"The Emerging Risk of Exposure to Nano (Micro) Plastics on Endocrine Disturbance and Reproductive Toxicity: From a Hypothetical Scenario to a Global Public Health Challenge","volume":"261","author":"Amereh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2021.106834","article-title":"Analysis of Microplastics-Sorbed Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds in Pellets and Microplastic Fragments from Beaches","volume":"171","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1039\/D1EM00375E","article-title":"Review of Ecotoxicological Studies of Widely Used Polystyrene Nanoparticles","volume":"24","author":"Kelpsiene","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-024-00599-1","article-title":"Addressing the Relevance of Polystyrene Nano- and Microplastic Particles Used to Support Exposure, Toxicity and Risk Assessment: Implications and Recommendations","volume":"21","author":"Gouin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46687","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46687","article-title":"Tissue Accumulation of Microplastics in Mice and Biomarker Responses Suggest Widespread Health Risks of Exposure","volume":"7","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.051","article-title":"Polystyrene Microplastics Induce Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Disorder in Mice","volume":"631\u2013632","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Y., Rong, M., Fan, Y., Teng, X., Jin, L., and Zhao, Y. (2025). The Presence of Microplastics in Human Semen and Their Associations with Semen Quality. Toxics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13070566"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.117868","article-title":"First Evidence of Microplastics in Human Ovarian Follicular Fluid: An Emerging Threat to Female Fertility","volume":"291","author":"Montano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123430","article-title":"Polystyrene Microplastics Induced Male Reproductive Toxicity in Mice","volume":"401","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullah, S., Ahmad, S., Guo, X., Ullah, S., Ullah, S., Nabi, G., and Wanghe, K. (2023). Endocrine Disrupting Effects of Micro- and Nanoplastics and Their Associated Chemicals in Mammals. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1084236"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2024.115083","article-title":"Polystyrene Microplastics Cause Reproductive Toxicity in Male Mice","volume":"194","author":"Zangene","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5589","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c15112","article-title":"Polylactic Acid Micro\/Nanoplastic Exposure Induces Male Reproductive Toxicity by Disrupting Spermatogenesis and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Mice","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9031","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-31662-7","article-title":"Pharmacotherapeutic Potential of Ginkgetin against Polystyrene Microplastics\u2013Instigated Testicular Toxicity in Rats: A Biochemical, Spermatological, and Histopathological Assessment","volume":"31","author":"Akbar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2368","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2368","article-title":"Oral Exposure to Polystyrene Nanoplastics Altered the Hypothalamic\u2013Pituitary\u2013Testicular Axis Role in Hormonal Regulation, Inducing Reproductive Toxicity in Albino Rats","volume":"116","author":"Ebrahim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7391","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64464-9","article-title":"Potential Toxicity of Polystyrene Microplastic Particles","volume":"10","author":"Hwang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.169514","article-title":"Size-Dependent Toxicity of Polystyrene Microplastics on the Gastrointestinal Tract: Oxidative Stress Related DNA Damage and Potential Carcinogenicity","volume":"912","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2011.08.007","article-title":"Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Disease Susceptibility","volume":"127","author":"Schug","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2795(200005)56:1<45::AID-MRD6>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Stage-Specific Nuclear Antigen Is Expressed in Rat Male Germ Cells during Early Meiotic Prophase","volume":"56","author":"Atanassova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0206","article-title":"Environmental\/Lifestyle Effects on Spermatogenesis","volume":"365","author":"Sharpe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2021.153059","article-title":"Comparing the Effects of Polystyrene Microplastics Exposure on Reproduction and Fertility in Male and Female Mice","volume":"465","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022015","DOI":"10.5620\/eaht.2022015","article-title":"Chronic Toxic Effects of Polystyrene Microplastics on Reproductive Parameters of Male Rats","volume":"37","author":"Ilechukwu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Anal. Health Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.110133","article-title":"Exposure to Polystyrene Microplastics Causes Reproductive Toxicity through Oxidative Stress and Activation of the p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway","volume":"190","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47921","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13911-9","article-title":"Polystyrene Microplastics Induce Blood\u2013Testis Barrier Disruption Regulated by the MAPK-Nrf2 Signaling Pathway in Rats","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.176802","article-title":"Early-Life Exposure to Polystyrene Micro- and Nanoplastics Disrupts Metabolic Homeostasis and Gut Microbiota in Juvenile Mice in a Size-Dependent Manner","volume":"955","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124028","article-title":"Reproductive toxicity of polystyrene microplastics: In vivo experimental study on testicular toxicity in mice","volume":"405","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-022-00453-2","article-title":"Chronic Exposure to Polystyrene Microplastics Induced Male Reproductive Toxicity and Decreased Testosterone Levels via the LH-Mediated LHR\/cAMP\/PKA\/StAR Pathway","volume":"19","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Li, X., and Xiong, Y. (2024). Chronic Polystyrene Microplastic Exposure Reduces Testosterone Levels in Mice through Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress and BAX\/BCL2-Mediated Apoptosis. Toxics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12080561"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102226","article-title":"Microplastics and Male Reproductive System: A Comprehensive Review Based on Cellular and Molecular Effects","volume":"16","author":"Karimian","year":"2026","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2024.111043","article-title":"Polystyrene Microplastics Induce Male Reproductive Toxicity in Mice by Activating Spermatogonium Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis","volume":"396","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem.-Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.125364","article-title":"Polystyrene Microplastics Induced Spermatogenesis Disorder via Disrupting Mitochondrial Function through the Regulation of the Sirt1-Pgc1\u03b1 Signaling Pathway in Male Mice","volume":"364","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2022.113577","article-title":"Male Reproductive Toxicity of Polystyrene Microplastics: Study on the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Signaling Pathway","volume":"172","author":"Wen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124644","article-title":"Enhanced reproductive toxicities induced by phthalates-contaminated microplastics in male mice (Mus musculus)","volume":"406","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7474","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-38385-y","article-title":"Impact of Polystyrene Microplastic Exposure at Low Doses on Male Fertility: An Experimental Study in Rats","volume":"16","author":"Alsenousy","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15593258211019882","DOI":"10.1177\/15593258211019882","article-title":"Dose-Dependent Effect of Polystyrene Microplastics on the Testicular Tissues of Male Sprague Dawley Rats","volume":"19","author":"Ijaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dose-Response"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"09603271231173378","DOI":"10.1177\/09603271231173378","article-title":"Rhamnetin Alleviates Polystyrene Microplastics-Induced Testicular Damage by Restoring Biochemical, Steroidogenic, Hormonal, Apoptotic, Inflammatory, Spermatogenic and Histological Profile in Male Albino Rats","volume":"42","author":"Hamza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2021.10.002","article-title":"Polystyrene Microplastics Disturb Maternal\u2013Fetal Immune Balance and Cause Reproductive Toxicity in Pregnant Mice","volume":"106","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121482","article-title":"Reproductive Toxicity of Microplastics in Female Mice and Their Offspring From Induction of Oxidative Stress","volume":"327","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.117632","article-title":"Maternal Exposure to Polystyrene Nanoplastics during Gestation and Lactation Caused Fertility Decline in Female Mouse Offspring","volume":"289","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1025","article-title":"Evidence on Invasion of Blood, Adipose Tissues, Nervous System and Reproductive System of Mice after a Single Oral Exposure: Nanoplastics versus Microplastics","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-024-02033-z","article-title":"Adverse Effects and Potential Mechanisms of Polystyrene Microplastics on the Blood\u2013Testis Barrier","volume":"46","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7617","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S466258","article-title":"Analysis of Biodistribution and In Vivo Toxicity of Varying Sized Polystyrene Micro and Nanoplastics in Mice","volume":"19","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/14\/4\/318\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T12:58:30Z","timestamp":1775739510000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/14\/4\/318"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics14040318"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics14040318","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]}}}