{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:09:18Z","timestamp":1785431358708,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41831285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41831285"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41603094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41603094"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["41831285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41831285"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["41603094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41603094"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (VHHs) are critical air toxic pollutants, with some ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) strictly regulated by the Montreal Protocol. However, current understanding of the pollution characteristics, sources, and health risks of atmospheric VHHs in Southwest China remains insufficient. This study performed field observations of atmospheric VHHs in summer in Mianyang, a medium-sized industrial city in the Sichuan Basin. Freon-12 (563 \u00b1 20 ppt) and Freon-11 (264 \u00b1 15 ppt) were the most abundant chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs); chloromethane (785 \u00b1 261 ppt) and methylene chloride (563 \u00b1 505 ppt) dominated among VSLSs. The mean concentration of regulated ODSs (1037 \u00b1 33 pptv) was notably lower than unregulated very short-lived chlorinated substances (1887 \u00b1 745 pptv), reflecting effective ODSs phase-out locally, yet enhancements relative to Northern Hemisphere background implied potential leakage from residual tanks. Methylene chloride and trichloroethylene concentrations exceeded global background levels by over 10 times, indicating strong anthropogenic industrial influences. Phased-out CFCs displayed negligible diurnal variation due to stringent emission controls, whereas unregulated VSLSs exhibited a distinct U-shaped diurnal cycle, with peaks driven by morning boundary layer dynamics and evening accumulation. Positive matrix factorization revealed that industrial sources, including electronic solvents (28.6%), industrial processes (27.8%), and solvent usage (23.7%), accounted for 80.1% of total VHHs. The total carcinogenic risk (2.3 \u00d7 10\u22125) surpassed the acceptable threshold (1 \u00d7 10\u22126), dominated by 1,2-dichloroethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and 1,2-dichloropropane. All individual compounds exhibited mean hazard quotients (HQs) below the non-carcinogenic risk threshold. The cumulative hazard index reached 1.5, suggesting combined non-carcinogenic risks to the local population. These results support VHHs health risk management and ODSs control in Southwest Chinese industrial cities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14050370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:55:39Z","timestamp":1777370139000},"page":"370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pollution Characteristics and Assessment of Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risks of Volatile Halogenated Hydrocarbons in a Medium-Sized City of the Sichuan Basin, Southwest China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xia","family":"Wan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China"},{"name":"Sichuan Foreign Environmental Cooperation Center, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxin","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2906-9450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhou","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changsha Center for Mineral Resources Exploration, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Foreign Environmental Cooperation Center, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Foreign Environmental Cooperation Center, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Foreign Environmental Cooperation Center, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1982-0928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Environmental Technology, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.08.039","article-title":"Ambient halocarbon mixing ratios in 45 Chinese cities","volume":"40","author":"Barletta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. 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