{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T02:45:19Z","timestamp":1777689919808,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Study on Pollutant Emission Control Strategies for Subsea Production Systems","award":["CCL2024RCPS0490PSN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCL2024RCPS0490PSN"]}]},{"name":"Study on Pollutant Emission Control Strategies for Subsea Production Systems","award":["202519181113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202519181113"]}]},{"name":"Research on Key Technologies for Integrated Assessment of Marine Ecological Protection and Restoration Effectiveness","award":["2024ZRBSHZ109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZRBSHZ109"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the acute and chronic toxic effects of two thermodynamic inhibitors (methanol and ethylene glycol) widely used in deep-sea oil and gas operations on two typical marine fish species, the medaka (Oryzias melastigma) and the yellowstripe goby (Mugilogobius chulae), to assess their potential ecological risks in marine environments. The 96-h median lethal concentration (LC50) was determined through acute toxicity tests. A 56-day chronic toxicity test was conducted to evaluate the effects on fish growth (body length) and the antioxidant defense system, specifically the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). The results revealed marked species-specific differences. In terms of acute toxicity, medaka exhibited exceptionally high sensitivity to ethylene glycol (LC50 15.77 g\/L), while the yellowstripe goby showed greater tolerance (LC50 22.17 g\/L). Chronic exposure led to concentration-dependent growth inhibition in both species, and medaka showed significantly higher mortality than yellowstripe goby. Under methanol exposure, medaka exhibited significantly higher mortality (30\u201345%) than yellowstripe goby (5\u201320%). When exposed to ethylene glycol, medaka showed markedly high mortality (55\u201385%), while yellowstripe goby mortality remained below 15%. At the molecular level, both chemicals induced oxidative stress, but the response patterns of the antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) were species-specific, indicating differences in toxic mechanisms and detoxification capacities. Methanol and ethylene glycol pose non-negligible ecotoxicological risks to marine fish, and the toxicity intensity is influenced by species specificity, exposure concentration, and the effectiveness of the antioxidant defense system. This study emphasizes that environmental risk assessments for such chemicals must fully account for species differences and sublethal effects, providing critical scientific evidence for formulating precise environmental safety standards for marine hydrocarbon exploitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14050380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:43:51Z","timestamp":1777448631000},"page":"380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Exploratory Investigation into the Effects of Methanol and Ethylene Glycol on the Growth and Development of Medaka (Oryzias melastigma) and Yellowstripe Goby (Mugilogobius chulae)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8907-4748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenxiong","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Sea Ecology Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510000, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Field Observation and Research Station for Marine Ecosystem in Hanjiang River Estuary\u2013Nanao Island Area, Shantou 515000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minxia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China National Offshore Oil Corporation (China) Limited Beijing Research Center, Beijing 100016, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tongfei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Sea Ecology Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510000, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Field Observation and Research Station for Marine Ecosystem in Hanjiang River Estuary\u2013Nanao Island Area, Shantou 515000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shasha","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China National Offshore Oil Corporation (China) Limited Beijing Research Center, Beijing 100016, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Sea Ecology Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510000, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Field Observation and Research Station for Marine Ecosystem in Hanjiang River Estuary\u2013Nanao Island Area, Shantou 515000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuqian","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Sea Ecology Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510000, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Field Observation and Research Station for Marine Ecosystem in Hanjiang River Estuary\u2013Nanao Island Area, Shantou 515000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaobo","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Sea Ecology Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510000, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Field Observation and Research Station for Marine Ecosystem in Hanjiang River Estuary\u2013Nanao Island Area, Shantou 515000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"02003","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/201926802003","article-title":"Ethylene glycol injection for hydrate formation prevention in deepwater gas pipelines","volume":"268","author":"Adisasmito","year":"2019","journal-title":"MATEC Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8437","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1302812110","article-title":"Methanol incorporation in clathrate hydrates and the implications for oil and gas pipeline flow assurance and icy planetary bodies","volume":"110","author":"Shin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(00)00148-X","article-title":"Fate, effects and potential environmental risks of ethylene glycol: A review","volume":"43","author":"Staples","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"216","article-title":"Formation and Prevention of Natural Gas Hydrates","volume":"12","author":"Chu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Res. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpse.2025.100427","article-title":"The research and application of low-dose inhibitors for solid hydrate prevention in multiphase transportation pipeline","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pipeline Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sloan, E.D., and Koh, C.A. (2008). Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases, CRC.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420008494"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810490265469","article-title":"Toxicity of Methanol to Fish, Crustacean, Oligochaete Worm, and Aquatic Ecosystem","volume":"23","author":"Kaviraj","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"38","article-title":"Acute Toxic Effects of the Antifreeze (Ethylene Glycol) On Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","volume":"1","author":"Verep","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12711","article-title":"Global variation in freshwater physico-chemistry and its influence on chemical toxicity in aquatic wildlife","volume":"96","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2018.01.015","article-title":"Toxicity assessment and histopathological analysis of nano-ZnO against marine fish (Mugilogobius chulae) embryos","volume":"73","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"71","article-title":"Developmental stages of a marine model fish\u2014Medaka Oryzias melastigma","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oceanol. et Limnol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"18","article-title":"Observation of embryonic development of marine medaka Oryzias melastigma","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00291828","article-title":"Evaluation of acute toxicity of phenol and its chloral-and nitro-derivatives to certain teleosts","volume":"14","author":"Verma","year":"1980","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Finney, D.J. (1952). Probit Analysis, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(88)90554-4","article-title":"A spectrophotometric method for determination of catalase activity in small tissue samples","volume":"174","author":"Johansson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.63.485","article-title":"Spectrophotometric Assay for Superoxide Dismutase Based on the Reduction of Highly Water-soluble Tetrazolium Salts by Xanthine-Xanthine Oxidase","volume":"63","author":"Ukeda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"9","article-title":"The tps series of software","volume":"26","author":"Rohlf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hystrix-Ital. J. Mammal."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01607812","article-title":"Comparative toxicity of methanol and N,N-dimethyl formamide to freshwater fish and invertebrates","volume":"37","author":"Poirier","year":"1986","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1139\/f83-096","article-title":"Structure-toxicity relationships for the fathead minnow, Peepholes propels: Narcotic industrial chemicals","volume":"40","author":"Veith","year":"1983","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aqua. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3109\/10408449509021613","article-title":"The Influence of Salinity on the Toxicity of Various Classes of Chemicals to Aquatic Biota","volume":"25","author":"Hall","year":"1995","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"378","article-title":"Acute toxicity of ethylene glycol to crayfish, bluegill sunfish and soil micro-organisms","volume":"23","author":"Khoury","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trace Subst. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01607884","article-title":"A study to assess the influence of age on the response of fathead minnow in static acute toxicity tests","volume":"31","author":"Mayes","year":"1983","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/00498250310001624636","article-title":"Comparison of the metabolism of ethylene glycol and glycolic acid in vitro by precision-cut tissue slices from female rat, rabbit and human liver","volume":"34","author":"Booth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Xenobiotica"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chae, H., Byun, J.W., Shin, G.-E., Lee, K.H., Kim, A.-Y., Ku, B.-K., Hossain, M.A., Kim, T.-W., and Kang, J. (2024). Development of a rapid detection method for ethylene glycol and glycolic acid in feline samples: A Response to Increasing Antifreeze Poisoning Incidents in Korea. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202409.1653.v1"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1177","article-title":"Neurologic sequelae of methanol poisoning","volume":"136","author":"Anderson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/15287398709530965","article-title":"Subchronic inhalation toxicity of methanol","volume":"20","author":"Andrews","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A Curr. Issues"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1021\/jf504895h","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage Induced by Imidacloprid in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"63","author":"Ge","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2016.03.011","article-title":"Genotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by the fungicide azoxystrobin in zebrafish (Danio rerio) livers","volume":"133","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22201","article-title":"Thiamethoxam induces oxidative stress and antioxidant response in zebrafish livers","volume":"31","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"413","article-title":"Toxic effects of triclosan on Danio rerio: Dose-response relationships and mechanistic insights for ecological risk assessment","volume":"133","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"562","article-title":"Responses of antioxidant enzyme activities in zebrafish (Danio rerio) to heavy metals and organic pollution in water","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Fish. Sci. China"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"397","article-title":"Effects of Cu2+ on SOD and POD Enzymatic Activities in Danio rerio","volume":"08","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hans J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"217","article-title":"Effects of anthracene on activity of superoxide dismutase in Sebastodes fuscesens","volume":"24","author":"Tang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Fish. China"}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/14\/5\/380\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:04:12Z","timestamp":1777453452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/14\/5\/380"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics14050380"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics14050380","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]}}}