{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:21:36Z","timestamp":1785424896171,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82003421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82003421"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["82003421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82003421"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2242024R4002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2242024R4002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Trans,trans-2,4-decadienal (tt-DDE), the primary aldehyde component found in cooking oil fumes, is a prevalent environmental pollutant. However, its potential adverse effects on ocular development remain largely unexplored. This study evaluated its toxicity on ocular development and angiogenesis in zebrafish larvae, as well as on human retinal vascular endothelial cells (HRECs). Zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae at 48 h post-fertilization were microinjected intraocularly with various doses of tt-DDE (65.87\u2013521.3 mM) for 24 h. We observed dose-dependent impairments in ocular development following tt-DDE exposure. It significantly reduced eye size and inhibited the intraocular vascular area at concentrations of 128.9 mM and above. Histopathological analysis revealed retinal structural disorganization, eye shrinkage, and a clear dose-dependent increase in acridine orange (AO) fluorescence intensity. Apoptosis assays confirmed a significant escalation in ocular cell death at higher exposure doses. Additionally, our results demonstrated that tt-DDE (5\u2013100 \u03bcM) significantly reduced the viability of HRECs in vitro. These findings suggest that early-life exposure to tt-DDE impairs ocular development in zebrafish by inducing histopathological damage, inhibiting angiogenesis, and promoting apoptosis, and also exerts direct cytotoxicity to human retinal cells. This study underscores the potential risk of tt-DDE exposure as an environmental factor contributing to ocular developmental toxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14050388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T13:32:21Z","timestamp":1777555941000},"page":"388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early-Life Exposure to the Cooking Oil Fume Component trans,trans-2,4-Decadienal Impairs Ocular Development and Angiogenesis in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Larvae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9468-0232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zengliang","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"},{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.397","article-title":"The emission of PM2.5 in respiratory zone from Chinese family cooking and its health effect","volume":"654","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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