{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T05:10:08Z","timestamp":1779167408193,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is associated with gut dysbiosis through interactions with the immune system. The present study aimed to investigate whether endotoxin lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and high-mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1), a key inflammatory mediator, as well as the metabolic fat mass hormone leptin, are reliable biomarkers for the estimation of alcohol dependence and abstinence. AUD outpatients (N = 122) and healthy volunteers (N = 63) were recruited and assessed by using the Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders according to DSM-IV-TR after blood extraction. The results indicated that AUD patients had higher plasma concentrations of LPS and HMGB1, and lower plasma concentrations of leptin and SDF-1\u03b1 compared to healthy subjects. Two logistic models, including HMGB1, leptin and SDF-1\u03b1 (model 1) or LPS (model 2), provided high discriminatory powers to identify AUD patients [prognostic probability: model 1 = 0.90 (0.78); model 2 = 0.86 (0.79); p &lt; 0.001]. LPS and HMGB1 positively correlated with alcohol abstinence duration in male AUD patients only. Linear logistic regression included LPS, HMGB1, fractalkine, SDF-1\u03b1 and\/or leptin to accurately estimate the duration of problematic alcohol use and alcohol abstinence when sexes were analyzed separately. These results suggest that LPS and HMGB1 are relevant sex-specific actors for predicting alcohol abstinence and problematic alcohol use in AUD patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14050440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T14:40:31Z","timestamp":1779115231000},"page":"440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Plasma Concentrations of Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide and High-Mobility Group Box 1 Protein Are Consistent Sex-Specific Biomarkers of Alcohol Abstinence Associated with Alcohol Use Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1936-7112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaac","family":"Hurtado-Guerrero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Anatom\u00eda Humana, Medicina Legal e Historia de la Ciencia, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0575-3613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuria","family":"Garc\u00eda-Marchena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Psicobiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Psicolog\u00eda, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarc\u00f3n, 28223 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6143-6703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Mart\u00edn-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en 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