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Asthma, a prevalent chronic inflammatory airway disease, is exacerbated by both traditional air pollutants such as particulate matter (PM2.5), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and emerging contaminants like microplastics (MPs) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), with effects amplified under extreme temperature conditions. In reality, individuals face complex combined exposures, yet the synergistic effects of these factors on asthma pathogenesis remain poorly understood. This narrative review synthesizes epidemiological and toxicological evidence. It aims to elucidate both the individual and the notably synergistic effects of these factors on asthma pathogenesis. The central mechanistic pathway is initiated by oxidative stress, which activates key inflammatory signaling pathways, thereby driving immune imbalance and airway inflammation. Our review underscores that the combined exposure to traditional pollutants, emerging pollutants, and extreme temperatures may pose a greater threat than individual factors. These findings underscore the critical need for an integrated perspective in asthma research and public health policy. Moving beyond single-pollutant approaches, we advocate for combinatorial risk assessment and synergistic intervention strategies to effectively mitigate the growing burden of asthma in a changing climate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14050452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T15:02:27Z","timestamp":1779375747000},"page":"452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Synergistic Effects of Air Pollutants and Extreme Temperature on Asthma: A Narrative Review of Mechanisms and Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Guanlin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zhenjiang, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"},{"name":"School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junliang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zhenjiang, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"},{"name":"School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zhenjiang, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"},{"name":"School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative 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China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China"},{"name":"Department of Zoology & Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueru","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zhenjiang, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"},{"name":"School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linjing","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zhenjiang, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"},{"name":"School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China"},{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1445-6810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xunfeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zhenjiang, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"},{"name":"School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abo3801","article-title":"Assessing the health burden from air 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