{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:36:10Z","timestamp":1785411370876,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003787","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D2024501001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D2024501001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42475113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42475113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["42475113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42475113"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N2523008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N2523008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heterogeneous reactions on mineral dust surfaces during dust storm events significantly influence atmospheric chemistry by modifying aerosol composition. This study employed high-resolution scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) to investigate the morphology and elemental composition of dust particles collected during four dust events in Qinhuangdao, a coastal city in Northern China. The results revealed that clay minerals were the most abundant (53.5% \u00b1 13.7%), followed by feldspar (12.0% \u00b1 3.6%), quartz (11.9% \u00b1 3.2%) and carbonate minerals (7.3% \u00b1 4.1%). In contrast, sulfate and NaCl particles constituted only a minor fraction, representing 1.1% and 0.9% of the particles, respectively. Elemental analysis indicated that sulfur (S)-containing particles, although scarce during the initial stages, increased as the dust storms evolved, eventually accounting for about half of the particles by the end of the events. This trend suggests increasing heterogeneous processing on dust particle surfaces. Furthermore, single-particle analysis demonstrated a marked increase in chlorine (Cl)-containing particles (excluding NaCl) from 2.4% at the onset to 30.9% \u00b1 16.5% by the end of the dust events. In contrast to studies conducted in inland cities, where Cl-containing particles are seldom observed, our findings underscore the crucial role of marine aerosols in facilitating the chlorine enrichment of dust particles in coastal atmospheric environments. Overall, these findings provide new insights into the aging processes of mineral dust in coastal atmospheres and suggest potential interactions between dust particles and marine aerosols during heterogeneous halogen and sulfur processing in dust events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14060460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T05:33:54Z","timestamp":1779687234000},"page":"460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Heterogeneous Chlorine Reactions on Mineral Dust During Dust Storm Events in the Coastal City of Qinhuangdao"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yulong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"},{"name":"School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"},{"name":"School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"},{"name":"School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruihe","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Resources and Environment, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengju","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Sustainability, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1074-8373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenhua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"},{"name":"School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9975-6091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Longyi","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geosciences and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gr.2022.01.007","article-title":"A review of atmospheric individual particle analyses: Methodologies and applications in environmental research","volume":"110","author":"Shao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gondwana Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2019.104689","article-title":"Long-term (1980\u20132018) spatial and temporal variability of the atmospheric dust load and deposition fluxes along the North-African coast of the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"234","author":"Bibi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-023-3062-1","article-title":"Mongolia Contributed More than 42% of the Dust Concentrations in Northern China in March and April 2023","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10827","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55151-8","article-title":"Oxidative potential and persistent free radicals in dust storm particles and their associations with hospitalization","volume":"15","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-022-01403-9","article-title":"Oxidative potential of metal-polluted urban dust as a potential environmental stressor for chronic diseases","volume":"45","author":"Schiavo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-022-00379-5","article-title":"Mineral dust aerosol impacts on global climate and climate change","volume":"4","author":"Kok","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeolia.2022.100849","article-title":"A review of coarse mineral dust in the Earth system","volume":"60","author":"Adebiyi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aeolian Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2025.102532","article-title":"Physico-chemical characterization of atmospheric particles during two intense dust storms in the vicinity of Thar Desert","volume":"16","author":"Devi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02620-y","article-title":"Global and regional importance of the direct dust-climate feedback","volume":"9","author":"Kok","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2020.118166","article-title":"Asian dust impacts on heterogeneous ice formation at Wuhan based on polarization lidar measurements","volume":"246","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, F., Zhao, X., Gerlein-Safdi, C., Mu, Y., Wang, D., and Lu, Q. (2017). Global sources, emissions, transport and deposition of dust and sand and their effects on the climate and environment: A review. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 11.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11783-017-0904-z"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.01.022","article-title":"Modeling the contributions of Northern Hemisphere dust sources to dust outflow from East Asia","volume":"202","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160230","article-title":"Environmental impacts of three Asian dust events in the northern China and the northwestern Pacific in spring 2021","volume":"859","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3613","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GL013333","article-title":"Chlorine deposition on dust particles in marine atmosphere","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L05817","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL036883","article-title":"Hygroscopic mineral dust particles as influenced by chlorine chemistry in the marine atmosphere","volume":"36","author":"Tobo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.11.068","article-title":"Importance of mineral dust and anthropogenic pollutants mixing during a long-lasting high PM event over East Asia","volume":"234","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2022.07.023","article-title":"Heterogeneous reaction of NO2 with feldspar, three clay minerals and Arizona Test Dust","volume":"130","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2024.103823","article-title":"Morphology and chemical composition of mineral particles in a special dust storm with high relative humidity in North China","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.171128","article-title":"Atmospheric environment characteristic of severe dust storms and its impact on sulfate formation in downstream city","volume":"922","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10797","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b03930","article-title":"Kinetics of Heterogeneous Reaction of Sulfur Dioxide on Authentic Mineral Dust: Effects of Relative Humidity and Hydrogen Peroxide","volume":"49","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15622","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c04544","article-title":"Efficient Heterogeneous Formation of Ammonium Nitrate on the Saline Mineral Particle Surface in the Atmosphere of East Asia during Dust Storm Periods","volume":"54","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nwaf221","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaf221","article-title":"Aqueous-phase secondary organic aerosol formation on mineral dust","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Shao, L.Y., Chang, L.L., Xing, J.P., Wang, W.H., Li, W.J., and Zhang, D.Z. (2018). Physicochemical Characteristics and Possible Sources of Individual Mineral Particles in a Dust Storm Episode in Beijing, China. Atmosphere, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos9070269"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.05.047","article-title":"Mineral dust is a sink for chlorine in the marine boundary layer","volume":"41","author":"Sullivan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17905","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008235107","article-title":"Asian dust particles converted into aqueous droplets under remote marine atmospheric conditions","volume":"107","author":"Tobo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2018). Microbeam Analysis\u2014Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrome-Try\u2014Morphology and Element Analysis of Single Fine Particles in Ambient Air (Standard No. GB\/T 35099-2018)."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-14-00110.1","article-title":"NOAA\u2019s HYSPLIT Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion Modeling System","volume":"96","author":"Stein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2017.06.025","article-title":"Real-time Environmental Applications and Display sYstem: READY","volume":"95","author":"Rolph","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1108\/WJE-08-2023-0310","article-title":"Evaluation of single particle morphological characteristics and human health risks in different functional areas","volume":"22","author":"Niu","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11824","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48143-y","article-title":"Extensive Soot Compaction by Cloud Processing from Laboratory and Field Observations","volume":"9","author":"Bhandari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021JD036055","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JD036055","article-title":"Quantifying the Fractal Dimension and Morphology of Individual Atmospheric Soot Aggregates","volume":"127","author":"Pang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.125314","article-title":"Characterization of soot and crystalline atmospheric ultrafine particles","volume":"364","author":"Schiavo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, H., Wu, C., Schindler, M., Silva, L.F.O., Ma, B., Ma, X., Ji, X., Tian, Y., Zhu, H., and Bao, X. (2024). Characterization of PM2.5 Carbonaceous Components in a Typical Industrial City in China under Continuous Mitigation Measures. Toxics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12070461"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120842","article-title":"Morphology and elemental composition of individual solid dust particles: From different sources to the atmosphere","volume":"338","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-018-9354-y","article-title":"Geochemical characterization of major elements in desert sediments and implications for the Chinese loess source","volume":"62","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2022.106637","article-title":"Characterization of geochemical elements in surface sediments from Chinese deserts","volume":"220","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14473","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-14473-2017","article-title":"Limited production of sulfate and nitrate on front-associated dust storm particles moving from desert to distant populated areas in northwestern China","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143081","article-title":"Variations in physicochemical properties of airborne particles during a heavy haze-to-dust episode in Beijing","volume":"762","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153980","article-title":"Impact of sand and dust storms on the atmospheric environment and its source in Tianjin-China","volume":"825","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.05.030","article-title":"Chemical evaluation of aerosol particles in an intense Asian dust storm in a coastal city: Direct vs. reverse transport stages","volume":"155","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10874-011-9188-z","article-title":"Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal","volume":"66","author":"Sarin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2022.119365","article-title":"A review of atmospheric aging of sea spray aerosols: Potential factors affecting chloride depletion","volume":"290","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17715","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-17715-2021","article-title":"Long-range transport of anthropogenic air pollutants into the marine air: Insight into fine particle transport and chloride depletion on sea salts","volume":"21","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.170316","article-title":"High heterogeneity and aging state of mineral particles in a slowly-moving dust plume on the southwestern coast of Japan","volume":"916","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-1845-2022","article-title":"N2O5 uptake onto saline mineral dust: A potential missing source of tropospheric ClNO2 in inland China","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c06067","article-title":"The Role of Hydrates, Competing Chemical Constituents, and Surface Composition on ClNO2 Formation","volume":"55","author":"Royer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/14\/6\/460\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T06:08:46Z","timestamp":1779689326000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/14\/6\/460"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics14060460"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics14060460","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]}}}