{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:22:09Z","timestamp":1785435729875,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42477108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42477108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["42477108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42477108"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program Project","award":["202410300180Y"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202410300180Y"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gasoline evaporation is a significant source of urban volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this study, we selected Nanjing, a major city in the Yangtze River Delta of China, and developed a high-resolution (1 km \u00d7 1 km) gridded VOC species emission inventory for gas stations based on measured VOC emission characteristics and statistical data on gasoline and diesel sales. The results show that VOC emissions from gas stations were correlated with population density and road networks, and were mainly concentrated in the downtown area. The emitted VOCs were dominated by alkanes (58%) and oxygenated VOCs (19%), with i-pentane, n-butane, and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) as the major components. C4\u2013C5 alkenes were identified as the key contributors to ozone (O3) formation, while aromatics contributed most to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. Health risk assessment indicates that, for gas station workers, both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks associated with gasoline and diesel VOC evaporation exceed acceptable thresholds. Benzene, 1,2-dichloroethane, and 1,2-dibromoethane posed the highest carcinogenic risks, whereas acrolein, benzene, and 1,3-butadiene contributed most to non-carcinogenic risks. For urban residents, the health risks from gas station VOC emissions were generally within acceptable levels; however, under unfavorable meteorological conditions, residents living near gas stations may still face elevated health risks. This study highlights the significant impacts of gas station-related VOC emissions on air quality and human health, and informs targeted control and mitigation strategies for gasoline evaporation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14060486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T12:45:08Z","timestamp":1780404308000},"page":"486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A High-Resolution VOC Emission Inventory for Gas Stations in a Typical Yangtze River Delta City: Implications for Ozone Formation, Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation, and Health Risks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinmei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Municipal Academy of Ecological and Environmental Protection Sciences, Nanjing 210046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunlei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Municipal Academy of Ecological and Environmental Protection Sciences, Nanjing 210046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1743-4927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangjian","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Municipal Academy of Ecological and Environmental Protection Sciences, Nanjing 210046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7682-4311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.02.005","article-title":"A study on high ozone formation mechanism associated with change of NO\/VOCs ratio at a rural area in the Korean Peninsula","volume":"89","author":"Jeon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. 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