{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T06:59:46Z","timestamp":1780901986876,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent aquatic contaminants whose strong C\u2013F bonds make conventional water treatment ineffective. This review critically synthesizes recent progress in aqueous PFAS degradation through four mechanistic routes: oxidation-driven, biodegradation, reduction-driven, and nonradical processes. Rather than evaluating technologies by parent-compound disappearance alone, we compare their defluorination and mineralization capacities, matrix tolerance, byproduct risks, energy demand, operational stability, and technology readiness. Oxidative and reductive systems can promote rapid degradation or defluorination, but their performance is often constrained by radical\/electron quenching, incomplete mineralization, and sensitivity to PFAS structure and water chemistry. Biodegradation and enzymatic approaches offer mild transformation pathways but remain limited by slow kinetics, narrow substrate specificity, and uncertain toxicity evolution. Nonradical and thermochemical processes show stronger potential for deep destruction, particularly in concentrated PFAS streams. Overall, electrochemical oxidation, plasma treatment, and thermal\/supercritical oxidation appear closer to practical implementation for spent adsorbents, regenerants, industrial concentrates, and other high-strength wastes, whereas many photocatalytic, biological, and microdroplet systems remain laboratory-stage. Future research should prioritize integrated separation\u2013destruction treatment trains and standardized metrics including total organic fluorine removal, fluoride release, final residual PFAS concentrations relative to regulatory thresholds, transformation-product toxicity, energy consumption, and life-cycle impacts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14060499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T05:43:46Z","timestamp":1780897426000},"page":"499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advanced Degradation and Remediation Strategies for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs): Challenges and Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Coal-Based Ecological Carbon Sequestration Technology of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Graphene Forestry Application of National Forest and Grass Administration, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tongshun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Coal-Based Ecological Carbon Sequestration Technology of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Graphene Forestry Application of National Forest and Grass Administration, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Provincial Ecological Environment Monitoring and Emergency Support Center, Shanxi Provincial Academy of Ecological Environment Sciences, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Coal-Based Ecological Carbon Sequestration Technology of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Graphene Forestry Application of National Forest and Grass Administration, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianguo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Coal-Based Ecological Carbon Sequestration Technology of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Graphene Forestry Application of National Forest and Grass Administration, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9461-3566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peigao","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138666","article-title":"Occurrence of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Aquatic Environments and Their Removal by Advanced Oxidation Processes","volume":"330","author":"Mojiri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.124.323697","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl\/Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Links to Cardiovascular Disease Risk","volume":"134","author":"Schlezinger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ. 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