{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:27:17Z","timestamp":1785421637950,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DoD Information Analysis Center Program Management Office","award":["FA807518D0005-FA807523F0016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA807518D0005-FA807523F0016"]}]},{"award":["FA807518D0005-FA807523F0016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA807518D0005-FA807523F0016"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0280k9j44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Characterizing the human health risk posed by constituents in drinking water is often challenging due to a lack of published toxicity values. The PIANO (Paraffin, Isoparaffin, Aromatic, Naphthene, and Olefin) analytical method measures nearly 300 compounds in JP-5 jet fuel, 43 of which have published oral reference doses (RfDs). The remaining compounds are typically assigned surrogate toxicity values. We predict RfDs for 290 PIANO compounds using Quantitative Structure\u2013Activity Relationship (QSAR) models based on stepwise linear regression of 2-dimensional molecular descriptors (MDs) and published toxicity values. Five training groups, created by randomly selecting 80% of the non-PIANO compounds and 50% of the 43 PIANO compounds that have RfDs within a master dataset of 1113 compounds, were used to develop five QSAR models. We used the geometric means of four QSAR model results of sufficient quality to predict RfDs for compounds lacking toxicological information. For compounds with known RfDs, 884 (79%) were within 8-fold of published RfDs, well within the acknowledged uncertainty inherent in published RfDs. Our approach has applicability beyond PIANO compounds and represents a new alternative methodology (NAM) that may be used to reduce uncertainty in human health risk assessment and guide regulatory decisions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14060529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T13:04:04Z","timestamp":1781874244000},"page":"529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Silico Prediction of Chronic Oral Reference Doses for PIANO Target Analytes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5150-4976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Rockswold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense Centers for Public Health, Portsmouth, VA 23708, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense Centers for Public Health, Portsmouth, VA 23708, USA"},{"name":"Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH 43201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7751-0362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elaine","family":"Merrill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Navy and Marine Corps Force Health Protection Command, Portsmouth, VA 23708, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1850-3887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Waldron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pioneer Technologies Corporation, Olympia, WA 98503, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2258-8327","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"James","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Navy and Marine Corps Force Health Protection Command, Portsmouth, VA 23708, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2026, April 02). 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Des."}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/14\/6\/529\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T01:47:30Z","timestamp":1782784050000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/14\/6\/529"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics14060529"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics14060529","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]}}}