{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:32:26Z","timestamp":1785407546875,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01-30026\/0010494\/01\/322\/322\/0\/2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01-30026\/0010494\/01\/322\/322\/0\/2026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["01-30026\/0010494\/01\/322\/322\/0\/2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01-30026\/0010494\/01\/322\/322\/0\/2026"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05dwvd537","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Landfill tire fires are complex environmental disasters generating toxic pollutants with severe health risks. This study quantified emission dynamics and toxicological consequences of a large-scale tire fire in an urban ecosystem. A comprehensive source-to-receptor approach was applied, integrating Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) atmospheric dispersion modeling with comparison against air quality monitoring data. Soil samples collected from the fireground and surrounding urban allotment gardens were analyzed for tire-specific tracers (Zn) and 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Human health risks were assessed using Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR), Toxic Equivalency Quotient (TEQ), and Mutagenic Equivalency Quotient (MEQ) metrics. Fire emissions were dominated by particulate matter (PM10: 1.34 t) and PAHs (17.7 kg). Soil at the fire site showed severe contamination (\u03a3 PAHs: 148.9 mg\/kg), with benzo[a]pyrene as the primary carcinogen. The cumulative ILCR for children reached 9.7 \u00d7 10\u22124, exceeding the commonly used upper regulatory benchmark of 10\u22124. Dermal contact was identified as the dominant exposure pathway for pyrogenic PAHs. Elevated risk levels persisted at distal residential sites (ILCR: 10\u22125\u201310\u22124), indicating long-term environmental contamination Ecological risk quotients (RQ) exceeded unity for PAHs across all fire-impacted locations and for Zn and Cu in the immediate vicinity of the fire scene. These findings demonstrate that acute tire fire events can evolve into persistent terrestrial health hazards, highlighting the critical role of dermal exposure in PAH uptake and the need for long-term environmental monitoring and adaptive land-use management strategies to mitigate chronic health risks in urban populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14070543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T03:09:17Z","timestamp":1782270557000},"page":"543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Toxicological Legacy of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from a Tire Fire-Urban Soil Contamination and Cancer Risk Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1620-6046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Paj\u0105k","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicja","family":"Trawi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1890-9410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"\u0141apicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rescue Operations Management, Firefighting and Communication, Faculty of Safety Engineering and Civil Protection, Fire University, 52\/54 Slowackiego St., 01-629 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7806-802X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej R.","family":"Reindl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135064","article-title":"Public Health Implications of Particulate Matter inside Bus Terminals in Sao Paulo, Brazil","volume":"711","author":"Nogueira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. 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