{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T10:09:25Z","timestamp":1783937365989,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) is a nitramine explosive widely used in military and industrial fields. While emerging evidence suggests the neurotoxicity of HMX, the mechanisms underlying central nervous system (CNS) damage remain largely unknown. In the present study, we established a mouse model of 28-day subacute HMX exposure to explore HMX-induced neurotoxicity and underlying mechanisms in vivo. Behavioral assessments revealed that HMX increased spontaneous locomotor activity and central exploration in the open field test, and reduced immobility time in the forced swimming test, indicating abnormal emotional regulation. The Morris water maze further demonstrated impaired hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory in HMX-treated mice, as evidenced by prolonged platform latency. Histopathological analysis showed hippocampal demyelination in HMX-treated mice, accompanied by downregulation of myelin structural proteins (MBP, PLP1) and oligodendrocyte lineage proteins (OLIG2, CNPase). Additionally, proteomic analysis identified 173 differentially expressed proteins in the HMX-exposed hippocampus, which were enriched in myelination, synaptic transmission and neuroactive ligand\u2013receptor interaction pathways. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that subacute HMX exposure induces behavioral deficits and demyelination in mice hippocampus, providing a novel mechanistic insight into HMX neurotoxicity and a theoretical basis for occupational health protection against HMX exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14070605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T08:53:58Z","timestamp":1783932838000},"page":"605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Subacute Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine Exposure Induces Neurobehavioral Deficits and Hippocampal Demyelination in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xiaoqiang","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Research Center, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Biological Effect, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cunzhi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Research Center, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Biological Effect, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Research Center, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Biological Effect, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Research Center, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Biological Effect, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5363-6676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Research Center, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Biological Effect, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinying","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Research Center, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Biological Effect, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiachen","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Research Center, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Biological Effect, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Research Center, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Biological Effect, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9432-2340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junhong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Research Center, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Biological Effect, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Research Center, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Biological Effect, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32321","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA05457H","article-title":"Structure and properties of nitrocellulose: Approaching 200 years of research","volume":"13","author":"Morris","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4074","DOI":"10.3390\/s140304074","article-title":"Detection of explosives in a dynamic marine environment using a moored TNT immunosensor","volume":"14","author":"Charles","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760290025933","article-title":"2,4,6-trinitrotoluene-induced 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