{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T16:18:06Z","timestamp":1787588286611,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC3905203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3905203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC3709203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3709203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82160025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82160025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["82160025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82160025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Medical Research Fund","award":["A2502036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2502036"]}]},{"name":"Joint Program on Health Science & Technology Innovation of Hainan Province","award":["WSJK2025MS187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WSJK2025MS187"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province","award":["2025A0505020035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A0505020035"]}]},{"name":"Zhongnanshan Medical Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["ZNSXS-20250144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZNSXS-20250144"]}]},{"award":["ZNSXS-20250144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZNSXS-20250144"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02zfaen51","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Sanya Science and Technology Special Fund","award":["2024KJFX042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024KJFX042"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are emerging contaminants with potential risks to the environment and human health, but their link between fine particulate matter-bound chlorinated paraffins (PM2.5-bound CPs) and the risk of sleep disorders has not been reported. This large-scale, population-based study included 122,965 valid questionnaires from school-aged children in the Pearl River Delta region of China. Generalized linear mixed models, restricted cubic splines, weighted quantile sum regression and Quantile g-computation models were used to evaluate the individual and combined effects of PM2.5-bound CPs on sleep disorders. Mediation analysis assessed the potential role of body weight. Our findings showed that an interquartile range (IQR) increase in PM2.5-bound \u2211CPs was linked to a higher risk of sleep disorders, and odds ratio ranging from 1.08 to 3.20. Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) were identified as key contributors of CPs and might interfere with important metabolic pathways. Further analysis indicated that body weight statistically accounted for part of the observed association between exposure to CPs and sleep disorders, with the proportion mediated ranging from 3.40% to 35.67%. Stratified analyses suggested stronger associations among girls and children under 12 years. These findings support prioritizing CPs management strategies to reduce their negative impact among children and adolescents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14070607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T08:53:58Z","timestamp":1783932838000},"page":"607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exposure to Emerging Contaminants Chlorinated Paraffins in PM2.5 and Sleep Disorders in Youth: Body Weight as a Mediator"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5573-9710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wan-Ting","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing-Wen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8191-635X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Amjad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Xu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Ting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chu","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Zi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Wen","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9146-1440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haseeb","family":"Moryani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0523-540X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ru-Qing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi-Fei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 8, Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8786-0510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pei-Pei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Medicine Department, Sanya Central Hospital (The Third People\u2019s Hospital of Hainan Province), No. 1154, Jiefang Fourth Road, Sanya 572000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2578-3369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guang-Hui","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Parental preconception exposure to residential outdoor neighbourhood environments and adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes: A scoping review","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108841","article-title":"Exposures to particulate matters and childhood sleep disorders\u2014A large study in three provinces in China","volume":"190","author":"Gui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16304","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c03754","article-title":"Exploring the Long-Term Human Exposure to Short-, Medium-, and Long-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins under Variant Environmental Release Trends and Patterns","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24197","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c07869","article-title":"Emerging Organic Contaminants in the Third Pole Region: Sources, Transport, and Associated Risks","volume":"59","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.09.031","article-title":"Gridded emission inventory of short-chain chlorinated paraffins and its validation in China","volume":"220","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s40726-024-00302-0","article-title":"Biological Effects and Environmental Behaviors of Medium- and Long-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins: A Brief Review","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Pollut. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.126980","article-title":"LCCPs exposure induces pulmonary inflammatory injury via AIM2 mediated pulmonary macrophage PANoptosis and M1 polarization","volume":"384","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118602","article-title":"Effects of environmentally relevant concentration of short-chain chlorinated paraffins on BV2 microglia activation and lipid metabolism, implicating altered neurogenesis","volume":"251","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.05.047","article-title":"The chlorine contents and chain lengths influence the neurobehavioral effects of commercial chlorinated paraffins on zebrafish larvae","volume":"377","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11455","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c12668","article-title":"Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins Induced Reproductive Toxicity in Female Rats by Interfering with Oocyte Meiosis and Triggering DNA Damage","volume":"59","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.126782","article-title":"Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (C(11), 64.2%Cl) induced neurotoxicity and blood-brain barrier disruption in adult male zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"383","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.139144","article-title":"Short-chain chlorinated paraffins at environmentally relevant doses disrupt glucose homeostasis and insulin signaling by macrophage-mediated inflammation","volume":"495","author":"Mu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17934","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c04398","article-title":"Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins Altered Neurobehavior and Induced Neuroinflammation Associated with Disordered Intestinal Homeostasis","volume":"73","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.140055","article-title":"Assessing the role of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in the toxicity of ambient particulate matter","volume":"499","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-024-01052-9","article-title":"Sleep and circadian disturbances in children with neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"21","author":"Bruni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewien, C., Genuneit, J., Meigen, C., Kiess, W., and Poulain, T. (2021). Sleep-related difficulties in healthy children and adolescents. BMC Pediatr., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02529-y"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology (2024). Sleep: A neglected public health issue. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol., 12, 365.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(24)00132-3"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.04.014","article-title":"The prevalence of sleep problems among children in mainland China: A meta-analysis and systemic-analysis","volume":"83","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"2304","article-title":"Sleep disorders in children","volume":"2010","author":"Bruni","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ Clin. Evid."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.125.325676","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cardiometabolic Disease: Obesity, Hypertension, and Diabetes","volume":"137","author":"Tasali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00747-7","article-title":"The role of insufficient sleep and circadian misalignment in obesity","volume":"19","author":"Chaput","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-025-06503-6","article-title":"Clinical utility of self-reported sleep duration and insomnia symptoms in type 2 diabetes prediction","volume":"68","author":"Wright","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.22365","article-title":"New Insights on Circadian Health and Cardiometabolic Disease\u2014Light, Sleep, Food, Exercise, and More","volume":"334","author":"Schweitzer","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1055","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(25)00250-6","article-title":"Sleep health in China: Status, challenges, and promotion strategies","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.117773","article-title":"Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter components with obesity in children and adolescents in China: The age-sex disparities and key effect modifiers","volume":"290","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsy018","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy018","article-title":"Sleep duration and incidence of obesity in infants, children, and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"41","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104597","article-title":"Role of environmental chemicals in diabetes and obesity: A National Toxicology Program workshop review","volume":"120","author":"Thayer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.126120","article-title":"Chlorinated Paraffins Exposure in Particulate Matter Increase the Risk of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Children and Adolescents","volume":"373","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.107932","article-title":"Characterization of short-, medium- and long-chain chlorinated paraffins in ambient PM(2.5) from the Pearl River Delta, China","volume":"175","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115726","article-title":"Short-term and intermediate-term fine particulate air pollution are synergistically associated with habitual sleep variability in adolescents\u2014A cross-sectional study","volume":"227","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsy122","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy122","article-title":"Association between long-term exposure to air pollution and sleep disorder in Chinese children: The Seven Northeastern Cities study","volume":"41","author":"Lawrence","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.138254","article-title":"Long-term exposure to major constituents of fine particulate matter and sleep disorders among children and adolescents: A population-based survey in Guangdong province, China","volume":"492","author":"Zeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envadv.2024.100585","article-title":"Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances and disrupted sleep: Mediating roles of proteins","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Adv."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Liu, Z., Liu, X., Wang, N., Wu, L., Xu, X., Liu, W., Feng, Y., Zhang, H., and Zhou, Y. (2025). Combined exposure to mixed brominated flame retardants on obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in US adults. BMC Public Health, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-21204-2"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"3","article-title":"Phthalate exposure and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in overweight and obese adults: A national cohort study","volume":"1","author":"Yuan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144583","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents: A multicenter study in China","volume":"771","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106383","article-title":"Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: A national cross-sectional study in China","volume":"148","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/29.8.1031","article-title":"Practice parameters for the medical therapy of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"29","author":"Morgenthaler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201807-1326ST","article-title":"The Role of Weight Management in the Treatment of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea. An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"198","author":"Hudgel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202407-752OC","article-title":"Endotypic Traits Characterizing Obesity and Sleep-related Hypoventilation in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea","volume":"22","author":"Hang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.01.016","article-title":"The impact of obesity and weight gain on development of sleep problems in a population-based sample","volume":"16","author":"Palm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.20083","article-title":"Adverse effects of obesity on overall health, quality of life, and related physical health metrics: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study from the All of Us Research Program","volume":"297","author":"Yao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001719","article-title":"Association between home renovation and sleeping problems among children aged 6 to 18 years: A nationwide survey in China","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164353","article-title":"Associations of prenatal and postnatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances with pubertal development and reproductive hormones in females and males: The HOME study","volume":"890","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800522","article-title":"Gender differences in body fat content are present well before puberty","volume":"21","author":"Taylor","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1454.017","article-title":"Susceptibility of children to environmental pollutants","volume":"1140","author":"Sly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e3283461926","article-title":"Environmental pollution and lung effects in children","volume":"23","author":"Searing","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"301","article-title":"Endocrine effects of environmental pollutants","volume":"160","author":"Charlier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bulletin et Memoires de L\u2019academie Royale de Medecine de Belgique"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alcala, E., Brown, P., Capitman, J.A., Gonzalez, M., and Cisneros, R. (2019). Cumulative Impact of Environmental Pollution and Population Vulnerability on Pediatric Asthma Hospitalizations: A Multilevel Analysis of CalEnviroScreen. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16152683"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.138640","article-title":"Lifelong exposure to polystyrene-nanoplastics induces an attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder-like phenotype and impairs brain aging in mice","volume":"494","author":"Vignon","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13157","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c00613","article-title":"Single-Nucleus Transcriptomics Reveals Prenatal and Postnatal Pb Exposure-Induced Cell-Specific Neurotoxicity and Dysregulated Microglia-Neuron Communication in Mice Brain","volume":"59","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s43088-024-00580-z","article-title":"Interleukin-12 modulates sleep-wake activity and improves performance in a memory task","volume":"13","author":"Esumi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8192","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c01058","article-title":"Gut Microbiota from Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffin-Exposed Mice Promotes Astrocyte Activation by Disrupting the Intestinal Tight Junction via Zonulin Upregulation","volume":"71","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119307","article-title":"Longitudinal multi-omics decipher chlorinated paraffin 52 disruption of gut-brain axis homeostasis in HFD-fed mice","volume":"306","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/14\/7\/607\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T08:52:31Z","timestamp":1785833551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/14\/7\/607"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics14070607"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics14070607","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]]}}}