{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:50:56Z","timestamp":1785408656019,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Committee of Science of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["BR24992839"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR24992839"]}]},{"award":["BR24992839"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR24992839"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05tyne317","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Iron ore mining is often assumed to pose a low soil-contamination risk because magnetite is dense and metal-poor. We tested this assumption around the Sokolov\u2013Sarbai magnetite\u2013skarn complex (Kostanay Region, Kazakhstan) by sampling soils at four settlements and a nearby background site, analyzing sixteen elements in pseudo-total and exchangeable forms, and comparing classical pollution indices with disaggregated US EPA health risk metrics on the same dataset. The two frameworks diverge sharply. Integrated indices (PLI, PERI) classify the area as low-risk, yet the child hazard index (US EPA cobalt reference dose) exceeds one at all four settlements, driven almost entirely by cobalt\u2014a single, highly mobile element released from the late-stage sulfide paragenesis of the host skarn against an already cobalt-rich regional background. This relative result\u2014cobalt as the dominant contributor and Rudny City as the most affected settlement\u2014is robust to exposure-parameter variation and, at Rudny City and Konstantinovka, to unfavorable bioaccessibility assumptions. Carcinogenic risk stays within the acceptable range and reflects regional-background nickel and chromium rather than a mining increment. For single-element, regionally elevated contaminants, integrated indices can therefore understate a genuine child health hazard; adequate assessment requires mobile-fraction characterization and bioaccessibility-explicit risk computation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14070617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T06:49:36Z","timestamp":1784184576000},"page":"617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hidden Cobalt Hazards in Children: A Soil Risk Assessment at the Sokolov\u2013Sarbai Complex"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5086-4127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bekmyrza","family":"Zhumash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Innovational Technogies, Akhmet Baitursynuly Kostanay Regional University, 28\/1 Abai Str., Kostanay 110000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yskak","family":"Aliya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Innovational Technogies, Akhmet Baitursynuly Kostanay Regional University, 28\/1 Abai Str., Kostanay 110000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paramonova","family":"Tatyana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Innovational Technogies, Akhmet Baitursynuly Kostanay Regional University, 28\/1 Abai Str., Kostanay 110000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irzhanov","family":"Zhassulan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Innovational Technogies, Akhmet Baitursynuly Kostanay Regional University, 28\/1 Abai Str., Kostanay 110000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nugmanov","family":"Almabek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Innovational Technogies, Akhmet Baitursynuly Kostanay Regional University, 28\/1 Abai Str., Kostanay 110000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2143-7618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yermoldina","family":"Gulnaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Innovational Technogies, Akhmet Baitursynuly Kostanay Regional University, 28\/1 Abai Str., Kostanay 110000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tokusheva","family":"Assel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Innovational Technogies, Akhmet Baitursynuly Kostanay Regional University, 28\/1 Abai Str., Kostanay 110000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1663-1803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fominov","family":"Vladimir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Innovational Technogies, Akhmet Baitursynuly Kostanay Regional University, 28\/1 Abai Str., Kostanay 110000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7914-9817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bulaev","family":"Aleksandr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 7\/2 60-Letiya Oktyabrya Ave., 117312 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3336-1542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyanga","family":"Petr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Innovational Technogies, Akhmet Baitursynuly Kostanay Regional University, 28\/1 Abai Str., Kostanay 110000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhumalynov","family":"Kuanysh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Innovational Technogies, Akhmet Baitursynuly Kostanay Regional University, 28\/1 Abai Str., Kostanay 110000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bozhekenova","family":"Zheniskul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Innovational Technogies, Akhmet Baitursynuly Kostanay Regional University, 28\/1 Abai Str., Kostanay 110000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128909","article-title":"Contamination and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in China\u2019s Lead\u2013Zinc 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