{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T10:32:30Z","timestamp":1786357950467,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jing-Jin-Ji Regional Integrated Environmental Improvement-National Science and Technology Major Project","award":["2026ZD1212201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026ZD1212201"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund of State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals","award":["2022KFYB07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KFYB07"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coastal wetlands are important sinks for heavy metals, yet the linkage between vertical redistribution, quantitative source contributions, and ecological\u2013health risk drivers remain insufficiently understood. This study collected the stratified sediment samples from three depth intervals (0\u201320, 20\u201340, and 40\u201360 cm) from 28 representative sites in the coastal wetlands of western Bohai Bay, and evaluated the spatial distribution, vertical variation, pollution status, potential sources, and ecological\u2013human health risks of eight heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb). The mean concentrations were below the Class I limits of the Marine Sediment Quality Standard. Most metals were close to or slightly below regional background values, whereas Cu and As showed mild enrichment and Cr was higher than values reported for Bohai Bay and Hangzhou Bay. Vertical profiles were generally homogeneous, with weak enrichment of specific metals, probably due to sediment resuspension, tidal disturbance, and bioturbation. Pollution assessment based on the geoaccumulation index (Igeo), Nemerow pollution index (PN), and pollution load index (PLI) consistently indicated low contamination levels, with Hg and Pb as the main contributors to the regional pollution load. Source apportionment indicated that heavy metals were jointly influenced by lithogenic background (38.9%), atmospheric deposition (31.1%), and local anthropogenic activities (30.0%). Ecological risk assessment showed that the integrated risk index (RI) remained within the low-risk category, although Hg consistently fell within the moderate-risk range and Cd approached the moderate-risk threshold. Health risk assessment showed that both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were within acceptable limits for all receptor groups. Children had higher risks in core residential areas, whereas adults showed higher risks in non-core industrial\u2013agricultural zones because of increased exposure frequency. The source\u2013risk analysis indicates that non-carcinogenic risk is mainly associated with background-derived Cr, whereas carcinogenic risk is primarily linked to anthropogenic As inputs. These findings indicate that source contributions and risk contributions are not necessarily consistent, highlighting the need for source-oriented risk management in industrialized coastal wetlands.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14080654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T09:47:41Z","timestamp":1785145661000},"page":"654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrating Vertical Distribution, Quantitative Source Apportionment, and Source-Oriented Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Coastal Wetland Sediments: A Case Study from the Western Bohai Bay Watershed"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"},{"name":"Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Binhai, Tianjin), Tianjin 300450, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaohui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"},{"name":"Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Binhai, Tianjin), Tianjin 300450, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixiao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"},{"name":"Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Binhai, Tianjin), Tianjin 300450, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runzhi","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"},{"name":"Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Binhai, Tianjin), Tianjin 300450, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bao","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9432-0186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongliang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"},{"name":"Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Guangzhou 510555, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0476-4000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Honghai","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15251","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c04683","article-title":"The Transformation of 40-Year Coastal Wetland Policies in China: Network Analysis and Text Analysis","volume":"56","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. 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