{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:00:15Z","timestamp":1785405615583,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\/"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\/"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["\/"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\/"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05dwvd537","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the advanced plans for the development of nuclear power plants in Poland, those who are to live around nuclear facilities may have unjustified doubts about their own radiation safety. Moreover, when future power plant workers will be potentially exposed to low, cumulative doses of ionizing radiation, it seems important to develop cytogenetic methods for showing the actual genotoxic effects of environmental or occupational nuclear influences. The method of analyzing the frequency of chromosomal type aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes remains one of the most significant possibilities in achieving this goal. Three techniques are used to monitor aberration frequency, i.e., most commonly, Giemsa staining (FPG), FISH, or M-FISH. The types of aberrations determined by Giemsa-staining preparation will be described in detail, and issues with the nomenclature of these aberrations will be discussed. To effectively explore small changes in aberration yields, studies of aberration rates in non-exposed populations are needed. Such a dataset has been generated at the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology (INCT), Warsaw, Poland. This database would allow for the assessment of the genotoxic impact of planned nuclear facilities, the impact of radon in areas within its increased concentration, or the impact of such a working environment on, for example, medical workers working with radiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14080659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T09:47:41Z","timestamp":1785145661000},"page":"659","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Baseline Frequency of Chromosomal Aberrations in Control Donors: A Significant Value for Population Monitoring During the Development of the Nuclear Energy Industry\u2014Polish Dataset"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sylwester","family":"Sommer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iwona","family":"Buraczewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Korzeniowska-Sobczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8480-7722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Sikorska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IAEA (2011). Cytogenetic Dosimetry: Applications in Preparedness for and Response to Radiation Emergencies, IAEA. EPR-Biodosimetry."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baudin, C., Bernier, M., Klokov, D., and Andreassi, M. (2021). Biomarkers of Genotoxicity in Medical Workers Exposed to Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147504"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akleyev, A. (2014). Chronic Radiation Syndrome, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-45117-1"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604825","article-title":"Mortality and cancer incidence following occupational radiation exposure: Third analysis of the National Registry for Radiation Workers","volume":"100","author":"Muirhead","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1667\/RR0553.1","article-title":"The 15-Country Collaborative Study of Cancer Risk among Radiation Workers in the Nuclear Industry: Estimates of radiation-related cancer risks","volume":"167","author":"Cardis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h5359","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h5359","article-title":"Risk of cancer from occupational exposure to ionising radiation: Retrospective cohort study of workers in France, the United Kingdom, and the United States (INWORKS)","volume":"351","author":"Richardson","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv122","article-title":"Cohort Profile: The International Nuclear Workers Study (INWORKS)","volume":"45","author":"Hamra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e074520","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-074520","article-title":"Cancer mortality after low dose exposure to ionising radiation in workers in France, the United Kingdom, and the United States (INWORKS): Cohort study","volume":"382","author":"Richardson","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1667\/RR2528.1","article-title":"Solid cancer mortality associated with chronic external radiation exposure at the French atomic energy commission and nuclear fuel company","volume":"176","author":"Samson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"197","article-title":"Chromosome aberrations in nuclear power plant workers: The influence of dose accumulation and lymphocyte life-time","volume":"306","author":"Braselmann","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1667\/RR14125.1","article-title":"Chromosome Aberrations Determined by FISH in Radiation Workers from the Sellafield Nuclear Facility","volume":"184","author":"Tawn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1159\/000077519","article-title":"Chromosomal aberrations and risk of cancer in humans: An epidemiologic perspective","volume":"104","author":"Bonassi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cytogenet. Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"802","article-title":"Cytogenetic Investigation in a Brazilian Population Living in an Area of High Natural Radioactivity","volume":"27","author":"Barcinski","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"135","article-title":"Chromosome Aberrations in Peripheral Lymphocytes from Occupants of Houses with Elevated Indoor Radon Concentrations","volume":"310","author":"Bauchinger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Mol. Mech. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.02.002","article-title":"Frequency of Chromosome Aberrations among Adult Male Individuals from High and Normal Level Natural Radiation Areas of Kerala in the Southwest Coast of India","volume":"828","author":"Karuppasamy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/geu068","article-title":"Nucleoplasmic bridges and acrocentric chromosome associations as early markers of exposure to low levels of ionising radiation in occupationally exposed hospital workers","volume":"30","author":"Caradonna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.2478\/10004-1254-59-2008-1909","article-title":"Chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes of croatian hospital staff occupationally exposed to low levels of ionising radiation","volume":"59","author":"Kasuba","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arh. Hig. Rada Toksikol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2013.12.009","article-title":"Increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in peripheral lymphocytes of radiology technicians chronically exposed to low levels of ionizing radiations","volume":"37","author":"Santovito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, L., Li, J., Li, W., Mao, X., Ma, Y., Hou, D., Zhu, W., Jia, X., and Qiao, J. (2019). Assessment of Genomic Instability in Medical Workers Exposed to Chronic Low-Dose X-Rays in Northern China. Dose Response, 17.","DOI":"10.1177\/1559325819891378"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(02)00291-7","article-title":"Cytogenetic effects in workers occupationally exposed to tobacco dust","volume":"535","author":"Umadevi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1327","article-title":"Chromosome damage in workers in cigarette manufacturing industry","volume":"28","author":"Milic","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenzhina, L.B., Mamyrbayeva, A.N., Lukashenko, S.N., Baigazinov, Z.A., Biyakhmetova, D.B., Panitskiy, A.V., Polivkina, E., Zhamaldinov, F.F., Patrono, C., and Palma, V. (2022). Background Level of Unstable Chromosome Aberrations in the Kazakhstan Population: A Human Biomonitoring Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148485"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s004110100095","article-title":"Cytogenetic Biomonitoring Carried out in a Village (Dolon) Adjacent to the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Weapon Test Site","volume":"40","author":"Testa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Radiat. Environ. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1161(96)90014-X","article-title":"Chromosome aberrations in humans in relation to site of residence","volume":"360","author":"Milillo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(98)00072-1","article-title":"A molecular epidemiology study in women from Upper Silesia, Poland","volume":"96\u201397","author":"Motykiewicz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(99)00128-X","article-title":"Chromosomal aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges in Lithuanian populations: Effects of occupational and environmental Exposures","volume":"445","author":"Lazutka","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.2298\/GENSR1301121J","article-title":"Cytogenetic biomonitoring in a serbian population occupationally exposed to a complex mixture of pesticides","volume":"45","author":"Jovicic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genetika"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2017). Radiological Protection\u2014Performance Criteria for Service Laboratories Performing Biological Dosimetry by Cytogenetics (Standard No. EN-ISO-19238_2017)."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/251156a0","article-title":"New Giemsa method for the differential staining of sister chromatids","volume":"251","author":"Perry","year":"1974","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"17","article-title":"Cz\u0119sto\u015b\u0107 aberracji u zdrowych dawc\u00f3w\u2014warto\u015b\u0107 istotna dla monitoring populacji w trakcie rozwoju energetyki j\u0105drowej","volume":"131","author":"Sommer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biul. PAA BJiOR"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.13.2.103","article-title":"Classification and relationships of induced chromosomal structural changes","volume":"13","author":"Savage","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2008.11.004","article-title":"Mechanisms of clastogen-induced chromosomal aberrations: A critical review and description of a model based on failures of tethering of DNA strand ends to strand-breaking enzymes","volume":"681","author":"Bignold","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1110(88)90017-6","article-title":"Current status of cytogenetic procedures to detect and quantify previous exposures to radiation","volume":"196","author":"Bender","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"359","article-title":"Chromosomal Aberrations in Radiation Waste Repository Workers Detected by FISH Painting and Giemsa Staining","volume":"34","author":"Atanasova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1218(96)90124-X","article-title":"Chromosomal aberration analysis in 85 control individuals","volume":"370","author":"Carbonel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(08)60285-5","article-title":"Chromosome Aberrations Induced by Ionizing Radiations","volume":"13","author":"Evans","year":"1962","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cytol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2020). International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature 2020, Karger."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2021.503373","article-title":"Smoking, chromosomal aberrations, and cancer incidence in healthy subjects","volume":"867","author":"Farkas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mutat. Res.-Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"19","article-title":"The effects of biological and life-style factors on baseline frequencies of chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes","volume":"5","author":"Nefic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3109\/03014460.2015.1049205","article-title":"Baseline Frequency of Chromosomal Aberrations and Sister Chromatid Exchanges in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Healthy Individuals Living in Turin (North-Western Italy): Assessment of the Effects of Age, Sex and GSTs Gene Polymorphisms on the Levels of Genomic Damage","volume":"43","author":"Santovito","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1159\/000077466","article-title":"Molecular targets and mechanisms in formation of chromosomal aberrations: Contributions of Soviet scientists","volume":"104","author":"Belyaev","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cytogenet. Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrt018","article-title":"Chromosome analysis of nuclear power plant workers using fluorescence in situ hybridization and Giemsa assay","volume":"54","author":"Hristova","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1080\/095530098141843","article-title":"Detection of incomplete exchanges and interstitial fragments in X-irradiated human lymphocytes using a telomeric PNA probe","volume":"73","author":"Boei","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/095530000138817","article-title":"Analysis of radiation-induced chromosomal aberrations using telomeric and centromeric PNA probes","volume":"76","author":"Boei","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1080\/09553000400017416","article-title":"Analysis of alpha-particle induced chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes, using pan-centromeric and pan-telomeric probes","volume":"80","author":"Mestres","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimizu, N. (2021). Gene Amplification and the Extrachromosomal Circular DNA. Genes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12101533"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"103","article-title":"Are rogue cells an indicator of cancer risk due to the action of bacterial restriction endonucleases?","volume":"310","author":"Ahuja","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1590\/S1415-47572007000600017","article-title":"Chromosomal aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes from male native miners working in the Peruvian Andes","volume":"30","author":"Arana","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj367","article-title":"Chromosomal Aberrations and Cancer Risk: Results of a Cohort Study from Central Europe","volume":"165","author":"Boffetta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2025.503869","article-title":"A study of radiation workers: Dosimetry, chromosomal aberrations, and cancer risk","volume":"904","author":"Farkas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mutat. Res.-Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mne.2018.10.006","article-title":"Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH): History, limitations and what to expect from micro-scale FISH?","volume":"1","author":"Huber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Micro Nano Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-3673-3_16","article-title":"Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) and Its Applications","volume":"Volume 10","author":"Shakoori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chromosome Structure Aberrations"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Lindholm, C. (2000). Stable Chromosome Aberrations in the Reconstruction of Radiation Doses, Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK). STUK-A 176."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/17.3.223","article-title":"Assessment of genotoxic effects related to chronic low level exposure to ionizing radiation using biomarkers for DNA damage and repair","volume":"17","author":"Touil","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y.J., Lee, J.W., Cho, Y.H., Choi, Y.J., Lee, Y., and Chung, H.W. (2022). Chromosome Damage in Relation to Recent Radiation Exposure and Radiation Quality in Nuclear Power Plant Workers. Toxics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10020094"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21926\/obm.genet.1804042","article-title":"Applications of Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization in Radiation Cytogenetic Biodosimetry and Population Monitoring","volume":"2","author":"Balajee","year":"2018","journal-title":"OBM Genet."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rpor.2011.06.003","article-title":"Biodosimetry and assessment of radiation dose","volume":"16","author":"Crespo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rep. Pract. Oncol. Radiother."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.160","article-title":"Multiplex-fluorescence in situ hybridization for chromosome karyotyping","volume":"1","author":"Geigl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2019.01.010","article-title":"TECHNICAL ADVANCE Highly Multiplexed Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization for in Situ Genomics","volume":"21","author":"Onozato","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwab, M. (2011). Spectral Karyotyping. Encyclopedia of Cancer, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-16483-5"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(80)90123-2","article-title":"The Incidence of Unstable Chromosome Aberrations in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes from Unirradiated and Occupationally Exposed People","volume":"72","author":"Lloyd","year":"1980","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Mol. Mech. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-7992(83)90162-8","article-title":"Chromosomal Aberrations in Healthy Persons","volume":"120","author":"Gundy","year":"1983","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(99)00191-6","article-title":"Chromosomal Aberrations in Peripheral Lymphocytes from Healthy Subjects as Detected in First Cell Division","volume":"446","author":"Stephan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(00)00032-2","article-title":"Chromosome aberration analysis in Concorde pilots","volume":"467","author":"Heimers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.14712\/fb2002048030102","article-title":"Chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes in subjects occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation or chemical clastogens","volume":"48","author":"Lalic","year":"2002","journal-title":"Folia Biol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014858919263","article-title":"Results of a Cytogenetic Study of Populations with Different Radiation Risks in the Semipalatinsk Region","volume":"38","author":"Svyatova","year":"2002","journal-title":"Russ. J. Genet."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025391109169","article-title":"Chromosomal Instability Parameters in the Population Affected by Nuclear Explosions at the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site","volume":"39","author":"Kuleshov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Russ. J. Genet."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"51","article-title":"Chromosomal Instability and Double Minute Chromosomes in a Breast Cancer Patient","volume":"58","author":"Lalic","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Med. Okayama"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"91","article-title":"Spectrum of chromosomal aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes of hospital workers occupationally exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation","volume":"547","author":"Maffei","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-004-0579-1","article-title":"Cytogenetic tests performed on operating room personnel (the use of anaesthetic gases)","volume":"78","author":"Bilban","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Env. Health"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1269\/jrr.47.A159","article-title":"Unstable-Type Chromosome Aberrations in Lymphocytes from Individuals Living near Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site","volume":"47","author":"Tanaka","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1269\/jrr.47.A171","article-title":"Nuclear Abnormalities in Aspirated Thyroid Cells and Chromosome Aberrations in Lymphocytes of Residents near the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site","volume":"47","author":"Takeichi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2008.10.015","article-title":"A cytogenetic approach to the effects of low levels of ionizing radiations on occupationally exposed individuals","volume":"73","author":"Zakeri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqq062","article-title":"Biological effects of low-dose ionizing radiation exposure on interventional cardiologists","volume":"60","author":"Zakeri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Occup. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1089\/gtmb.2012.0111","article-title":"Assessment of Chromosomal Aberrations and Micronuclei in Peripheral Lymphocytes from Tunisian Hospital Workers Exposed to Ionizing Radiation","volume":"17","author":"Sakly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genet. Test. Mol. Biomark."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-015-1086-2","article-title":"A cytogenetic study of hospital workers occupationally exposed to radionuclides in Serbia: Premature centromere division as novel biomarker of exposure?","volume":"89","author":"Pajic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Env. Health"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2017.08.020","article-title":"Comparison of dicentric dose response curves of 6 MV LINAC X-rays and 60Co \u03b3-rays for biodosimetry application","volume":"129","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2020.1711460","article-title":"The Effects of DNA Repair Polymorphisms on Chromosome Aberrations in the Population of Kazakhstan","volume":"96","author":"Djansugurova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2020.503131","article-title":"Chromosomal aberrations in C-arm fluoroscopy, CT-scan, lithotripsy, and digital radiology staff","volume":"849","author":"Shafiee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Gen. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116486","article-title":"Evaluation of oxidative stress and genetic instability among residents near mobile phone base stations in Germany","volume":"279","author":"Gulati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.66224\/ijrr.24.1.10","article-title":"Assessment of chromosomal aberrations induced in patients undergoing vertebroplasty and workers occupationally exposed to low-dose ionizing radiation","volume":"24","author":"Kostova","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/61.8.763","article-title":"Correlation Between the Level of Cytogenetic Aberrations in Cultured Human Lymphocytes and the Age and Gender of Donors","volume":"61","author":"Wojda","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"(2026, January 12). Available online: https:\/\/www.wma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/DoH-Oct2008.pdf."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"(2026, January 12). Available online: https:\/\/www.wma.net\/policies-post\/wma-declaration-of-helsinki\/."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"2451","article-title":"Frequency of Acentric Fragments Are Associated with Cancer Risk in Subjects Exposed to Ionizing Radiation","volume":"36","author":"Fucic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anticancer. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2003)159[0228:SAOMON]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Second Analysis of Mortality of Nuclear Industry Workers in Japan 1986\u20131997","volume":"159","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) (2011). Verifying Canadian Nuclear Energy Worker Radiation Risk: A Reanalysis of Cancer Mortality in Canadian Nuclear Energy Workers (1957\u20131994), Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC)."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-014-0523-z","article-title":"Mortality risk in a historical cohort of nuclear power plant workers in Germany: Results from a second follow-up","volume":"53","author":"Merzenich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiat. Env. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"46","article-title":"Efekt zdrowego pracownika w przemy\u015ble j\u0105drowym","volume":"77","author":"Fornalski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biul. PAA BJiOR"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.2203\/dose-response.11-035.Fornalski","article-title":"The Cancer mortality in high natural radiation areas in Poland","volume":"10","author":"Fornalski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dose-Response"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"32","article-title":"Problemy zasad ochrony radiologicznej w obszarze ma\u0142ych dawek promieniowania","volume":"107","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biul. PAA BJiOR"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006422","article-title":"Stable and unstable chromosomal aberrations among Finnish nuclear power plant workers","volume":"93","author":"Lindholm","year":"2001","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosim."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"51","article-title":"Assessment of Cytogenetic Abnormalities by FISH in Lymphocytes from a Victim Accidentally Exposed to Cobalt-60","volume":"4","author":"Hristova","year":"2018","journal-title":"OBM Genet."}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/14\/8\/659\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T10:15:45Z","timestamp":1785147345000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/14\/8\/659"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics14080659"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics14080659","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]}}}