{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T14:01:20Z","timestamp":1785765680987,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":192,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bisphenols, phthalates, and other plastic-associated compounds are endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), common environmental contaminants that can disrupt hormonal homeostasis. Human exposure to such chemicals occurs mainly through food packaging, consumer goods, medical devices, and the environment, starting right from early development stages up to adulthood. These chemicals might cause damage to male reproductive systems as a result of being anti-androgens and estrogenic chemicals. However, the proper development of the male reproductive system requires well-regulated hormonal signaling pathways; hence, exposure to such compounds during the developmental stages poses a great risk. Environmental exposure to plastics during fetal development may influence the development of the testes, reduce the function of the Leydig cells, disrupt steroidogenesis, and produce epigenetic modifications, as documented through studies. This has been shown to increase the risk of developing reproductive disorders and reduce the production of testosterone. Therefore, one of the pathophysiological links between endocrine disruptor exposure and ED might be testosterone deficiency. Apart from disrupting testosterone production, the plastic-sourced EDCs could influence various physiological processes associated with erectile performance, such as those related to vasculature, inflammation, metabolism, and endocrinology. In this review, a comprehensive overview of the scientific data on the effect of plastic-based EDCs on testosterone regulation and male reproductive health has been provided. The role of developmental programming, endocrine disruption, oxidative stress, epigenetics, and vascular dysfunction has been explored in detail. Moreover, the possible involvement of micro- and nanoplastics has also been reviewed. From the data that is currently available, there seems to be a physiologically plausible association between plastic-based contaminants, testosterone dysregulation, and adverse reproductive outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14080673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T11:45:14Z","timestamp":1785325514000},"page":"673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Prenatal Exposure to Adult Sexual Dysfunction: The Impact of Plastic-Derived Endocrine Disruptors on Testosterone Homeostasis and Erectile Function"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sofoklis","family":"Stavros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University General Hospital \u201cATTIKON\u201d, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4112-8396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Christopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, \u201cAretaieion\u201d Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5382-2170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eriketi","family":"Kokkosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3333-2620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Efthalia","family":"Moustakli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9553-6803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasios","family":"Zikopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine and Surgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London NW1 2BU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7716-1521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasios","family":"Potiris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University General Hospital \u201cATTIKON\u201d, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Daskalaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1254-1984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Arkoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismini","family":"Anagnostaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioanna","family":"Vassilaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University General Hospital \u201cATTIKON\u201d, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Kathopoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7108-211X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Daskalakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Drakakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University General Hospital \u201cATTIKON\u201d, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanley, J., Culliton, D., Jovani-Sancho, A.-J., and Neves, A.C. 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