{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T10:32:43Z","timestamp":1786357963585,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32171496"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32171496"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32571769"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32571769"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32171496"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32171496"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32571769"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32571769"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polypropylene microplastics (PP-MPs) are ubiquitous in our daily lives, but their toxicological effects on mammals remain poorly understood. This study investigated the toxicity effects of PP-MPs on C57BL\/6 mice using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and transcriptome sequencing. Female and male mice were randomly classified into the control and PP-MPs-treated groups, respectively, and the experiment lasted for 5 weeks. We found that PP-MPs exposure did not affect the levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and interferon gamma (IFN-\u03b3), indicating that humoral immunity and inflammatory levels were not influenced by PP-MPs treatment. However, PP-MPs exposure reduced the PHA response in female mice, but not in male mice. It also did not alter the wet mass of testicles and ovaries, nor the levels of testosterone and estradiol. Exposure to PP-MPs altered the expression of the testicular genes. G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathways, olfactory receptor activity, and protein digestion and absorption were downregulated in the PP group. Collagen genes (Col9a3, Col11a2, Col27a1, Col26a1, Col7a1) play a significant role in downregulating protein digestion and absorption. In addition, PP-MPs exposure caused a change in beta diversity of gut microbiota, indicating the alteration of their community structure. PP-MPs exposure reduced the relative abundance of the probiotic Lactobacillus. Changes in the gut microbiota may be related to the expression levels of testicular genes. Overall, PP-MPs exposure altered both the community structure of the gut microbiota and the expression levels of testicular genes in mice, and collagen genes may serve as a critical factor influencing testicular function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14080679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T12:57:56Z","timestamp":1785761876000},"page":"679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Possible Role of Gut Microbiota in Polypropylene Microplastics-Induced Immunity and Reproductive Dysfunction in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7859-0134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Di","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Jingxuan West Street No. 57, Qufu 273165, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Jingxuan West Street No. 57, Qufu 273165, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1515-2985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deli","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Jingxuan West Street No. 57, Qufu 273165, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-021-00411-y","article-title":"Risk assessment of microplastic particles","volume":"7","author":"Koelmans","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.137946","article-title":"Microplastics in terrestrial ecosystem: Sources and migration in soil environment","volume":"318","author":"Surendran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.167098","article-title":"Microplastic pollution: Understanding microbial degradation and strategies for pollutant reduction","volume":"905","author":"Jain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107244","article-title":"A review on the occurrence and influence of biodegradable microplastics in soil ecosystems: Are biodegradable plastics substitute or threat?","volume":"163","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117666","article-title":"Micro and nano plastics in food: A review on the strategies for identification, isolation, and mitigation through photocatalysis, and health risk assessment","volume":"241","author":"Janani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22843","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c09524","article-title":"Effects of microplastic exposure on human digestive, reproductive, and respiratory health: A rapid systematic review","volume":"58","author":"Chartres","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123430","article-title":"Polystyrene microplastics induced male reproductive toxicity in mice","volume":"401","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2021.153059","article-title":"Comparing the effects of polystyrene microplastics exposure on reproduction and fertility in male and female mice","volume":"465","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105369","article-title":"Association of mixed exposure to microplastics with sperm dysfunction: A multi-site study in China","volume":"108","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"5589","article-title":"Polylactic acid micro\/nanoplasticexposure induces male reproductive toxicity by disrupting spermatogenesis and mitochondrial dysfunction in mice","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Publ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2025.06.021","article-title":"Toxicological effects of micro\/nano-plastics on human reproductive health: A review","volume":"412","author":"Talaie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4510","article-title":"The reproductive and transgenerational toxicity of microplastics and nanoplastics: A threat to mammalian fertility in both sexe","volume":"44","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2024.153834","article-title":"Size-dependent deleterious effects of nano- and microplastics on sperm motility","volume":"506","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109002","article-title":"Unravelling the potential mechanisms of nano- and microplastic toxicity to the male reproductive system: A systematic review","volume":"137","author":"Medeiros","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107220","article-title":"Repression of autophagy leads to acrosome biogenesis disruption caused by a sub-chronic oral administration of polystyrene nanoparticles","volume":"163","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109064","article-title":"Different types of nanoplastics exert varying degrees of toxicity on human sperm at semen-related concentrations","volume":"138","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-023-01593-3","article-title":"Microplastic sources, formation, toxicity and remediation: A review","volume":"21","author":"Osman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05731-5","article-title":"Microplastics: An often-overlooked issue in the transition from chronic inflammation to cancer","volume":"22","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113905","article-title":"Microplastics induce immune suppression via S100A8 downregulation","volume":"242","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.139696","article-title":"Microplastic exposure aggravates pneumococcus-induced inflammation in macrophages by activating ferroptosis","volume":"497","author":"Chang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.139965","article-title":"Maternal ingestion of polyethylene microplastics results in reduced antiviral responses by dysregulating the immune system in their progeny","volume":"498","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"14","article-title":"Human exposure to dietary microplastics and health risk: A comprehensive review","volume":"262","author":"Hore","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116925","article-title":"Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics reveal the mechanism of polystyrene nanoplastics toxicity to mice","volume":"284","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122621","article-title":"Ingestion of environmentally sourced polyvinyl chloride microplastic fragments increases colon inflammation and fibrosis in mice","volume":"285","author":"Djouina","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papp, P.P., Hoffmann, O.I., Libisch, B., Kereszt\u00e9ny, T., Ger\u0151cs, A., Posta, K., Hiripi, L., Hegyi, A., G\u00f3cza, E., and Sz\u0151ke, Z. (2024). Effects of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastic particles on gut microbiota composition and health status in rabbit livestock. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252312646"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.051","article-title":"Polystyrene microplastics induce gut microbiota dysbiosis and hepatic lipid metabolism disorder in mice","volume":"631\u2013632","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2010.07.012","article-title":"The intestinal microbiome: A separate organ inside the body with the metabolic potential to influence the bioactivity of botanicals","volume":"82","author":"Possemiers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/08830185.2018.1429428","article-title":"Microbiota regulate the development and function of the immune cells","volume":"37","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2117784","article-title":"The effects of microbiota on reproductive health: A review","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13143","article-title":"Exploring the role of gut microbiome in male reproduction","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2021.105686","article-title":"Microplastic pollution in Chinese urban rivers: The influence of urban factors","volume":"173","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122969","article-title":"Microplastics in take-out food containers","volume":"399","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-020-00171-y","article-title":"Microplastic release from the degradation of polypropylene feeding bottles during infant formula preparation","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Food"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.2108\/zs220005","article-title":"Effect of natural seasonal changes in photoperiod and temperature on immune function in striped hamsters","volume":"39","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zool. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y.C., Yang, D.B., and Wang, D.H. (2012). No evidence for a trade-off between reproductive investment and immunity in a rodent. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037182"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"2187","article-title":"Effect of temperature and food restriction on immune function in striped hamsters (Cricetulus barabensis)","volume":"220","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7810","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c03264","article-title":"An atmospheric chemistry perspective on airborne micro- and nanoplastic particles","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-024-01734-2","article-title":"Food chain microplastics contamination and impact on human health: A review","volume":"22","author":"Eze","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2024.103800","article-title":"Assessing the microplastic pandemic: Prevalence, detection, and human health impacts in Asian aquatic environment","volume":"137","author":"Patidar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth Parts A\/B\/C"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mianov\u00e1, C., Valachoviov\u00e1, M., and Slez\u00e1kov\u00e1, Z. (2024). An overview of the possible exposure of infants to microplastics. Life, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/life14030371"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59813","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14939-7","article-title":"Microparticles and microplastics released from daily use of plastic feeding and water bottles and plastic injectors: Potential risks to infants and children in China","volume":"28","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wibowo, A.T., Nugrahapraja, H., Wahyuono, R.A., Islami, I., Haekal, M.H., Fardiansyah, Y., Sugiyo, P.W.W., Putro, Y.K., Fauzia, F.N., and Santoso, H. (2021). Microplastic contamination in the human gastrointestinal tract and daily consumables associated with an Indonesian farming community. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su132212840"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2024.195","article-title":"The emerging threat of micro- and nanoplastics on the maturation and activity of immune cells","volume":"33","author":"Dan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113230","article-title":"Oral exposure to polyethylene microplastics alters gut morphology, immune response, and microbiota composition in mice","volume":"212","author":"Djouina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.175371","article-title":"Exposure to polystyrene microplastics during lactational period alters immune status in both male mice and their offspring","volume":"951","author":"Shang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S., Kim, D., Kang, K.-K., Sung, S.-E., Choi, J.-H., Sung, M., Shin, C.-H., Jeon, E., Kim, D., and Kim, D. (2023). Toxicity and biodistribution of fragmented polypropylene microplastics in ICR mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24108463"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, M., Niu, H., Wu, L., Xing, M., Mo, Z., Chen, Z., Li, X., and Lou, X. (2024). Impact of microplastic exposure on blood glucose levels and gut microbiota: Differential effects under normal or high-fat diet conditions. Metabolites, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14090504"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.05.071","article-title":"An assessment of the toxicity of polypropylene microplastics in human derived cells","volume":"684","author":"Hwang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, R., Han, J., Liu, X., Li, K., Lai, W., Bian, L., Yan, J., and Xi, Z. (2023). Exposure to polypropylene microplastics via oral ingestion induces colonic apoptosis and intestinal barrier damage through oxidative stress and inflammation in mice. Toxics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11020127"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.137316","article-title":"Short-term oral exposure to nanoplastics does not significantly impact the antiviral immune response of the mouse","volume":"488","author":"Lopez","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162713","article-title":"Detection and characterization of microplastics in the human testis and semen","volume":"877","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2022.102064","article-title":"Toxic effect of polyethylene microplastic on testicles and ameliorative effect of luteolin in adult rats: Environmental challenge","volume":"34","author":"Ijaza","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. King Saud. Univ.-Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124028","article-title":"Reproductive toxicity of polystyrene microplastics: In vivo experimental study on testicular toxicity in mice","volume":"405","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y.K., Ge, S.J., Su, Q.L., Chen, J.J., Wu, J., and Kang, K. (2024). Effects of polyvinyl chloride microplastics on the reproductive system, intestinal structure, and microflora in male and female mice. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11100488"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2407585","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202407585","article-title":"Unseen threats: The long-term impact of PET-microplastics on development of male reproductive over a lifetime","volume":"12","author":"Jeong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jkad072","DOI":"10.1093\/g3journal\/jkad072","article-title":"Social experience and pheromone receptor activity reprogram gene expression in sensory neurons","volume":"13","author":"Deanhardt","year":"2023","journal-title":"G3 Genes Genomes Genet."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5559","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1069259","article-title":"Loss of sex discrimination and male-male aggression in mice deficient for TRP2","volume":"295","author":"Stowers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2024.01.004","article-title":"The structure and function of olfactory receptors","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13593","article-title":"New insights into sperm physiology regulation: Enlightenment from G-protein-coupled receptors","volume":"12","author":"Dai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-408143-7.00023-2","article-title":"G protein-coupled receptor transactivation: From molecules to mice","volume":"117","author":"Jonas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2014.03.002","article-title":"Non-classical testosterone signaling is mediated by a G-protein-coupled receptor interacting with Gn\u03b111","volume":"1843","author":"Shihan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0272.2003.00533.x","article-title":"Structure and signalling pathways of kinin receptors","volume":"35","author":"Blaukat","year":"2003","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corda, P.O., Santiago, J., and Fardilha, M. (2022). G-Protein coupled receptors in human sperm: An in silico approach to identify potential modulatory targets. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27196503"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.02.019","article-title":"Are aryl hydrocarbon receptor and G-protein-coupled receptor 30 involved in the regulation of seasonal testis activity in photosensitive rodent-the bank vole (Myodes glareolus)?","volume":"86","author":"Zarzycka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13779","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13779","article-title":"Relationship between the G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor and spermatogenesis, and its correlation with male infertility","volume":"52","author":"Barut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, X., Yang, Y., Yan, Z., Liu, M., and Wang, X. (2022). Transcriptomic study of spermatogenesis in the testis of Hu sheep and Tibetan sheep. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13122212"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63439","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA07488F","article-title":"Integrated analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression profiles in development of porcine testes","volume":"5","author":"Ran","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102560","article-title":"Comparative transcriptome analysis identified crucial genes and pathways affecting sperm motility in the reproductive tract of drakes with different libido","volume":"102","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.008235","article-title":"Type II and type IX collagen transcript isoforms are expressed during mouse testis development","volume":"68","author":"McClive","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddg158","article-title":"Loss of DNA-dependent dimerization of the transcription factor SOX9 as a cause for campomelic dysplasia","volume":"12","author":"Sock","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-17-0470","article-title":"Disturbed spermatogenic signaling in pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-deficient mice","volume":"155","author":"Reglodi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-07504-2","article-title":"GATA4 binding to the Sox9 enhancer mXYSRa\/Enh13 is critical for testis differentiation in mouse","volume":"8","author":"Ogawa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1336.003","article-title":"Sox9 in testis determination","volume":"1061","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behringer Richard R %J. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-015-2470-7","article-title":"Expressions of Sox9, Sox5, and Sox13 transcription factors in mice testis during postnatal development","volume":"407","author":"Daigle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.141026","article-title":"Microbiota-mediated metabolic perturbations in the gut and brain of mice after microplastic exposure","volume":"350","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132503","article-title":"Polystyrene microplastics induce size-dependent multi-organ damage in mice: Insights into gut microbiota and fecal metabolites","volume":"461","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7597","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c00645","article-title":"Mixture effects of polystyrene microplastics on the gut microbiota in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"10","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2025.107323","article-title":"Ecotoxicological impacts of polystyrene microplastics on rainbow trout: A multidisciplinary analysis of gut microbiota dysbiosis, oxidative stress, and cellular senescence for environmental risk assessment","volume":"199","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.12.088","article-title":"Polystyrene microplastics induce microbiota dysbiosis and inflammation in the gut of adult zebrafish","volume":"235","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2025.06.074","article-title":"Intestinal microplastic debris, flora dysbiosis, and insidious combined hazards across diverse aquatic and terrestrial organisms","volume":"82","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koliada, A., Moseiko, V., Romanenko, M., Lushchak, O., Kryzhanovska, N., Guryanov, V., and Vaiserman, A. (2021). Sex differences in the phylum-level human gut microbiota composition. BMC Microbiol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02198-y"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2024.2377642","article-title":"Review: Interactions between microplastics and the gastrointestinal microbiome","volume":"23","author":"Eichinger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108353","article-title":"Continuous oral exposure to micro- and nanoplastics induced gut microbiota dysbiosis, intestinal barrier and immune dysfunction in adult mice","volume":"182","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.114194","article-title":"Intestinal flora variation reflects the short-term damage of microplastic to the intestinal tract in mice","volume":"246","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-80337-x","article-title":"Influence of selected dosages of plastic microparticles on the porcine fecal microbiome","volume":"15","author":"Gacka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, H., Liu, B., Li, A., Iqbal, M., Mehmood, K., Jamil, T., Chang, Y.F., Zhang, H., and Wu, Q. (2021). Microbiome analysis reveals the attenuation effect of Lactobacillus from yaks on diarrhea via modulation of gut microbiota. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.610781"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2011_187","article-title":"Lactobacillus: Host-microbe relationships","volume":"358","year":"2011","journal-title":"Between Pathogenicity and Commensalism"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5916","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62655-y","article-title":"Lactobacillus acidophilus and L. plantarum improve health status, modulate gut microbiota and innate immune response of marron (Cherax cainii)","volume":"10","author":"Foysal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-022-00366-0","article-title":"Gut microbiota as an antioxidant system in centenarians associated with high antioxidant activities of gut-resident","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lact. npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"wraf036","DOI":"10.1093\/ismejo\/wraf036","article-title":"Microbiota contribute to regulation of the gut-testis axis in seasonal spermatogenesis","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e32556","article-title":"The microbiota continuum along the upper reproductive tract of male rat and its relation to semen parameters","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-021-00624-0","article-title":"The interplay between androgen and gut microbiota: Is there a microbiota-gut-testis axis","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashonibare, V.J., Akorede, B.A., Ashonibare, P.J., Akhigbe, T.M., and Akhigbe, R.E. (2024). Gut microbiota-gonadal axis: The impact of gut microbiota on reproductive functions. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1346035"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3379","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-024-01613-9","article-title":"The gut microbiota contributes to the development of LPS-induced orchitis by disrupting the blood-testosterone barrier in mice","volume":"31","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/14\/8\/679\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T10:02:16Z","timestamp":1786356136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/14\/8\/679"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics14080679"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics14080679","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]}}}