{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T12:12:45Z","timestamp":1788351165588,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Open Foundation of the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety","award":["18nynzahj-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18nynzahj-2"]}]},{"name":"the Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control","award":["18nybcdhj-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18nybcdhj-7"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Project of the Liaoning Provincial Department of Education","award":["JYTMS20231159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JYTMS20231159"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province","award":["2022-MS-404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-MS-404"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province","award":["2024-MS-254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-MS-254"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The fate of heavy metals in agricultural soils is governed by organo-mineral\u2013microbial interactions, which predictive models often fail to capture. The competitive sorption mechanisms of Cd(II) and Cu(II) on montmorillonite\/kaolinite composites (Mont\/Kao) functionalized with humic acid (HA) and Pseudomonas putida (P. p), a model system representative of contaminated agricultural soils, were investigated. Batch experiments, XRD, FTIR, and thermodynamic analysis reveal that metal retention is a non-additive function of competing interfacial processes. Bacterial biomass dominated sorption, accounting for &gt;50% of total metal uptake, with capacity ranked as: P. p &gt; Mont\/Kao-P. p &gt; Mont\/Kao-HA-P. p &gt; Mont\/Kao-HA &gt; Mont\/Kao. Humic acid exerts a dual, concentration-dependent role: Low levels enhanced adsorption via mineral dispersion, while high levels induced surface masking, suppressing bacterial binding sites. Competition was highly asymmetric: Cd(II) reduced Cu(II) maximum adsorption capacity by 75.5% in the Mont\/Kao-HA system by preferentially occupying montmorillonite interlayer sites, whereas Cu(II) inhibited Cd(II) below pH 6. Single-metal sorption was characterized by positive \u0394S\u00b0 (32.96\u201358.89 J\u00b7mol\u22121\u00b7K\u22121), indicative of inner-sphere complexation, while negative \u0394S\u00b0 under competitive conditions signals a transition to outer-sphere complexation. This work provides mechanistic insights into site masking, competitive displacement, and ternary cation bridging controlling metal immobilization in organo-mineral assemblages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14090743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T11:47:19Z","timestamp":1787572039000},"page":"743","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Competitive Adsorption Mechanisms of Cu(II) and Cd(II) on Mineral\u2013Humic Acid\u2013Pseudomonas putida Composites: Implications for Heavy Metal Retention in Agricultural Soils"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Guang","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration of Regional Contaminated Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang 110044, 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