{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T02:21:50Z","timestamp":1791685310086,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Major Science and Technology Innovation Plan Project of Jingmen city, Hubei Province","award":["2023ZDYF004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZDYF004"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Project of Education Department of Hubei Province","award":["F2023026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F2023026"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Plan Project of Jingmen city, Hubei Province","award":["2025YFZD044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025YFZD044"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tetracycline (TC) is a widely used antibiotic that is frequently detected in rivers, lakes and wastewater. Because TC is poorly removed by conventional biological treatment, its residues can harm aquatic organisms and promote the spread of antibiotic resistance; efficient and low-cost technologies for removing TC from water are therefore needed. In this study, copper smelting slag (CSS), an abundant industrial solid waste, was converted into a catalyst composed of Fe3O4 particles loaded on mesoporous silica (denoted Fe3O4@MS) via an alkali fusion\u2013hydrothermal method. The catalyst was used to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS), forming the Fe3O4@MS\/PMS treatment system for the degradation of TC in aqueous solution. The effects of the main operating parameters (catalyst dosage, PMS concentration, initial pH and reaction temperature) on TC degradation were systematically evaluated. Under the optimized conditions (catalyst 0.5 g\/L, PMS 1.0 mmol\/L, initial pH 6.5, 25 \u00b0C), the Fe3O4@MS\/PMS system removed 98.70% of 50 mg\/L TC within 60 min. Radical quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis revealed that TC was degraded through both radical pathways (hydroxyl \u2022OH, sulfate SO4\u2022\u2212 and superoxide O2\u2022\u2212 radicals) and a non-radical pathway involving singlet oxygen (1O2), with \u2022OH being the dominant reactive species. Nine degradation intermediates were identified by liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (LC-MS), based on which three degradation pathways were proposed. Toxicity estimation indicated that ring-opening and deamination reactions are the key steps for detoxification. In addition, a life cycle assessment (LCA) across five selected impact categories identified the main environmental burdens associated with catalyst production. Overall, this work demonstrates that CSS-derived Fe3O4@MS is an efficient, low-cost and sustainable catalyst for PMS-based antibiotic removal from water, offering a circular-economy approach that couples solid-waste valorization with clean water production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14090757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T11:53:42Z","timestamp":1787745222000},"page":"757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Copper Smelting Slag-Derived Fe3O4@Mesoporous Silica for Peroxymonosulfate Activation and Tetracycline Degradation: Performance, Mechanism, and Life Cycle Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Changxin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Synthesis and Optimization, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen 448000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xiaoya","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Synthesis and Optimization, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen 448000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jinyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Synthesis and Optimization, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen 448000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Synthesis and Optimization, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen 448000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Shanpei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Synthesis and Optimization, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen 448000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xianglong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Synthesis and Optimization, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen 448000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Huaxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Synthesis and Optimization, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen 448000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2024.104521","article-title":"Activation of PMS by MIL-53(Fe)@AC Composites Contributes to Tetracycline Degradation: Properties and Mechanisms","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surf. 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