{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T12:23:48Z","timestamp":1787747028960,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21777124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21777124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["21777124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21777124"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["639-2013-6913"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["639-2013-6913"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["639-2013-6913"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["639-2013-6913"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03zttf063","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are additive chemicals that migrate from indoor materials and accumulate in settled dust. This study retrospectively characterized eight OPFRs in floor dust collected in Shanghai during 2016 to establish a seasonally resolved historical reference. A total of 136 residential dust samples were obtained from a convenience panel of 26 homes sampled at approximately two-month intervals; five office and four dormitory composite samples were included only for exploratory microenvironmental comparisons. Sampling, extraction, and LC-MS\/MS determination were all completed in 2016. OPFRs were detected in all samples. Median (mean) \u03a38OPFR concentrations were 1.51 \u00d7 103 (4.35 \u00d7 103), 2.48 \u00d7 103 (3.36 \u00d7 103), and 673 (963) ng\u00b7g\u22121 in residential, office, and dormitory dust, respectively, and chlorinated OPFRs\u2014particularly tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate\u2014dominated. Mixed-effects models accounting for repeated sampling confirmed significant season effects for \u03a38OPFRs and all frequently detected congeners, with autumn generally lower than spring or winter. Under the mean 2016 concentration scenario, uptake-adjusted total estimated daily intakes were 3.3 ng\u00b7kg\u22121\u00b7day\u22121 for infants and 0.65 ng\u00b7kg\u22121\u00b7day\u22121 for adults. Oral administered-dose screening values did not exceed the selected non-cancer or cancer benchmarks. These measurements do not represent current exposure but provide a historical benchmark for method-matched follow-up monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14090758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T11:53:42Z","timestamp":1787745222000},"page":"758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Shanghai Indoor Dust: A 2016 Historical Baseline of Seasonal Variability, Microenvironmental Profiles, and Human Exposure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jiajun","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binghong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Ecological Environment Publicity and Education Information Center, Hangzhou 310020, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2516-1033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiliang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5770-6694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinghui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3002-7557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanling","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3403-093X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c5ke","family":"Bergman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2012.03.067","article-title":"Phosphorus flame retardants: Properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis","volume":"88","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.9b00582","article-title":"Organophosphate ester flame retardants: Are they a regrettable substitution for polybrominated diphenyl ethers?","volume":"6","author":"Blum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. 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