{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T18:08:32Z","timestamp":1789063712754,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003569","name":"Ministry of Food and Drug Safety","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20163MFDS641"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20163MFDS641"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["20163MFDS641"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20163MFDS641"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01f7dp456","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002628","name":"Incheon National University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002628","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02xf7p935","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gymnodinium catenatum is a paralytic shellfish toxin (PST)-producing dinoflagellate that produces classical PSTs and hydroxybenzoate analogues known as GC toxins. Toxicological evaluation of GC toxins remains limited because certified reference materials (CRMs) and toxicity data are unavailable. This study applied the Neuro-2a (N2a) cell-based assay to evaluate PST functional toxicity in a Korean G. catenatum strain. The algal extract was analyzed by dose\u2013response curve fitting to estimate total saxitoxin (STX)-equivalent toxicity, while GC1 &amp; 2, GC3, and GC4 &amp; 5, isolated from large-scale culture and structurally confirmed by NMR and LC-MRM-MS\/MS, were evaluated to determine toxicity equivalence factors (TEFs). A clear sigmoidal curve yielded a functional toxicity of 3.7275 pg STX eq cell\u22121, and TEFs followed the order GC3 &gt; GC4 &amp; 5 &gt; GC1 &amp; 2, with potency gaps considerably larger than previously reported receptor-binding differences. These findings support the N2a assay as a complementary approach for PST analogues lacking CRMs and suggest that receptor-binding affinity alone does not fully predict cellular functional potency. Although the proposed TEFs, obtained from single assays per preparation, are preliminary and assay-specific, this study provides the first functional toxicity estimates for GC toxins, contributing to the toxicological characterization of novel PST analogues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14090784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T17:25:56Z","timestamp":1788542756000},"page":"784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Saxitoxin-Equivalent Toxicity of Gymnodinium catenatum and Toxicity Equivalence Factors of GC Toxins Determined by the Neuro-2a Assay"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jeong-In","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Basic Science, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youngjin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Safety Core Lab Inc., Seoul 04309, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Seok","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NEB Co., Seoul 08054, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6443-632X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung-Rae","family":"Rho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oceanography, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeonjung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Climate Response & Ecosystem Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8512-6838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Climate Response & Ecosystem Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Convergence Study on the Ocean Science and Technology, Ocean Science and Technology School, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1482-8506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youn-Jung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Basic Science, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12701","article-title":"Extended low-dose exposure to saxitoxin inhibits neurite outgrowth in model neuronal cells","volume":"120","author":"Musgrave","year":"2017","journal-title":"Basic Clin. 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