{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T13:11:16Z","timestamp":1788786676485,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2026R347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2026R347"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PNURSP2026R347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2026R347"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05b0cyh02","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) are widely used and have recently been linked to metabolic syndrome (MS). This study aimed to investigate the probable association between chronic OPP exposure and MS among farm workers in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, and to assess the potential role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR\u03b3). This comparative cross-sectional study included 140 participants, equally divided into OPP-exposed farm workers and non-exposed subjects. OPP exposure was confirmed by detecting plasma residues and cholinesterase activity. MS was diagnosed by assessing body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, plasma glucose, serum insulin, and lipid parameters. Oxidative and inflammatory markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), ferritin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), were measured. The mRNA expression of the PPAR\u03b3 and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) genes was also investigated. In total, 60% of farm workers demonstrated MS, compared with 10% of non-exposed participants. Workers exhibited elevated oxidative and inflammatory indices and reduced PPAR\u03b3 and PON1 expression. PPAR\u03b3 positively correlated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL), SOD, and PON1, while negatively correlating with glucose, insulin resistance (IR), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TGs), MDA, GGT, ferritin, TNF-\u03b1, and hs-CRP. The study concluded that chronic OPP exposure was associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation, reduced PPAR\u03b3 and PON1 expression, disturbed glucose and lipid metabolism, and increased IR. The observed associations between PPAR\u03b3 downregulation, metabolic disturbances, and oxidative and inflammatory markers suggest that PPAR\u03b3 dysregulation may represent a potential mechanistic link between chronic OPP exposure and MS. However, this proposed mechanism requires further validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14090788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T12:12:25Z","timestamp":1788783145000},"page":"788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Occupational Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure and Metabolic Syndrome: Implications of PPAR\u03b3"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7107-7265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samar","family":"Sakr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai M.","family":"Eldaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghda Ali","family":"Elshamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1404-6854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noura","family":"Almadani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community and Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, College of Nursing, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5909-4238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanaa A.","family":"Nofal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherif Attia","family":"Hammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kuwait Poison Control Center, AL-Amiri Hospital, Shark, Kuwait City 15303, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamdouh","family":"Eldesoqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wafaa Ibrahim","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leonel Javeres, M.N., Habib, R., Judith Laure, N., Abbas Shah, S.T., Valis, M., Kuca, K., and Muhammad Nurulain, S. 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