{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T13:11:21Z","timestamp":1788786681954,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea Environment Industry & Technology Institute"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/022r1q746","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003654","name":"Korea Ministry of Environment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022003050003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022003050003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003654","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Root length is increasingly used as a rapid endpoint in duckweed ecotoxicology, yet biologically distinct assays are often treated as equivalent. Two 72 h root-length tests are now in use: root re-growth after excision in mature Lemna aequinoctialis fronds, and root development during germination of rootless Spirodela polyrhiza turions exposed directly to the test solution. Both begin from zero initial root length, but for different biological reasons. We asked whether they produce comparable herbicide responses. Thirteen herbicides were drawn from a screening campaign in which both assays were run under matched exposure conditions. Nine compounds returned quantified EC50 estimates (with the L. aequinoctialis coefficient of variation below 40%) and formed the primary comparison. EC50 ratios (S. polyrhiza\/L. aequinoctialis) ranged from 0.75 to 430 (median 2.76). Five compounds agreed within about three-fold, whereas four compounds spanning several target-site classes diverged by 74- to 430-fold, and potency rankings were not significantly correlated (Spearman \u03c1 = 0.43, p = 0.24). For the common reference toxicant, the two assays differed by only about two-fold, and in the opposite direction; comparable reference-toxicant performance therefore did not predict comparable herbicide responses. The two assays should not be treated as interchangeable root-length tests. However, they differ not only in the biological origin of the measured root but also in species and developmental starting condition, and the present design cannot separate these factors; the observed differences therefore demonstrate assay-level non-equivalence without identifying its biological cause.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14090791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T12:12:25Z","timestamp":1788783145000},"page":"791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of Herbicide Responses Between Root Re-Growth in Lemna aequinoctialis and Root Development During Turion Germination in Spirodela polyrhiza"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0077-2038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hojun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine@UGent Korea, 119-5, Songdomunhwa-ro, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Bio Environmental Science and Technology (BEST) Lab, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5, Songdomunhwa-ro, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653-Block F, B-9000 Gent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taejun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine@UGent Korea, 119-5, Songdomunhwa-ro, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Bio Environmental Science and Technology (BEST) Lab, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5, Songdomunhwa-ro, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653-Block F, B-9000 Gent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1873-1480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jihae","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine@UGent Korea, 119-5, Songdomunhwa-ro, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Bio Environmental Science and Technology (BEST) Lab, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5, Songdomunhwa-ro, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653-Block F, B-9000 Gent, Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5, Songdomunhwa-ro, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.10.064","article-title":"Comparing the acute sensitivity of growth and photosynthetic endpoints in three Lemna species exposed to four herbicides","volume":"220","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. 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