{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T12:25:21Z","timestamp":1789129521806,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Haereticus Environmental Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["303566\/2025-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303566\/2025-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is frequently detected in wastewater and sewage sludge, which may represent potential pathways of entry into agricultural environments. However, its effects on cultivated plants at trace concentrations remain unexplored. This study evaluated the effects of ASA (1\u20131000 ng\u00b7L\u22121) on germination and root growth of Daucus carota, Solanum lycopersicum, and Cucumis sativus, as well as cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in the root meristems of Allium cepa bulbs and biochemical responses associated with redox homeostasis in the roots of all four species. No significant adverse effects were observed at the lowest concentrations tested; however, exposure to 100 and 1000 ng\u00b7L\u22121 reduced root growth in all species, with a relative growth index below 0.8. In A. cepa, these concentrations induced mitodepressive effects, with mitotic indices below 70% relative to controls, and increased the frequency of chromosomal abnormalities, with total CAI values of 9.6% and 11.9%, respectively. At 100 ng\u00b7L\u22121, C-metaphases and chromosomal disorganization during prophase were observed, characterizing an aneugenic effect, whereas at 1000 ng\u00b7L\u22121, these abnormalities were accompanied by metaphases with sticky chromosomes, indicating a clastogenic effect. ASA also altered redox homeostasis in the roots of all four species, as indicated by concentration-dependent modulation of antioxidant enzymes, increased lipid peroxidation, and the absence of a compensatory non-enzymatic antioxidant response. These findings indicate that trace concentrations of ASA can impair early plant development and induce cytotoxic, genotoxic, and biochemical alterations in the roots of the species studied under the experimental conditions used. These findings emphasize the importance of assessing ASA effects under soil-based and field-relevant conditions to better understand its environmental implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14090809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T10:51:37Z","timestamp":1789123897000},"page":"809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acetylsalicylic Acid at Trace Concentrations Induces Cellular Toxicity and Phytotoxicity in the Roots of Cultivated Plants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Carla Rafaela","family":"Somera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering Course, Federal Technological University of Paran\u00e1, Campo Mour\u00e3o 87301-899, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Edson Araujo de","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Maring\u00e1 State University, Maring\u00e1 87020-900, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Matheus Cristiano Hermann","family":"Massariol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering Course, Federal Technological University of Paran\u00e1, Campo Mour\u00e3o 87301-899, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3979-0866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego Espirito","family":"Santo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Danielle Cristina da Silva de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Department of Chemistry, Federal Technological University of Paran\u00e1, Campo Mour\u00e3o 87301-899, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Adriele Rodrigues dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Coordination, Federal Technological University of Paran\u00e1, Campo Mour\u00e3o 87301-899, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4745-657X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gide\u00e3 Taques","family":"Tractz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate National Network in Management and Regulation of Water Resources, Federal Technological University of Paran\u00e1, Campo Mour\u00e3o 87301-899, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0957-0125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regiane da Silva","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Food Technology, Federal Technological University of Paran\u00e1, Campo Mour\u00e3o 87301-899, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0150-9928","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Junior","given":"Osvaldo","family":"Valarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Food Technology, Federal Technological University of Paran\u00e1, Campo Mour\u00e3o 87301-899, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Technological Innovations, Federal Technological University of Paran\u00e1, Campo Mour\u00e3o 87301-899, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9599-6602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. A.","family":"Downs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haereticus Environmental Laboratory, Gladstone, VA 24553, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2598-2621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Peron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Food Technology, Federal Technological University of Paran\u00e1, Campo Mour\u00e3o 87301-899, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Technological Innovations, Federal Technological University of Paran\u00e1, Campo Mour\u00e3o 87301-899, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cadavid, A.P. 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