{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:58:52Z","timestamp":1790881132968,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42563001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42563001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["42563001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42563001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010857","name":"Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20242BAB25193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20242BAB25193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010857","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010857","name":"Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20252BAC250034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20252BAC250034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010857","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["20242BAB25193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20242BAB25193"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04aqat463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["20252BAC250034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20252BAC250034"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04aqat463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007839","name":"Yunnan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ESS2024002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ESS2024002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007839","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["ESS2024002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ESS2024002"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0040axw97","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) are major components of PM2.5, yet their seasonal characteristics, formation, sources, and long-term evolution in Nanchang remain poorly resolved. Daytime and nighttime PM2.5 samples collected in summer and winter were analyzed for nine WSIIs using statistical, source-apportionment, trajectory, fire-hotspot, and historical analyses. Mean WSII concentrations were 8.01 \u00b1 3.58 \u03bcg m\u22123 in summer and 23.97 \u00b1 9.42 \u03bcg m\u22123 in winter, accounting for 57.0% and 50.3% of PM2.5, respectively. Sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium comprised 82.0% and 76.4% of WSIIs in summer and winter, with sulfate dominating in summer and nitrate in winter. Ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate were the principal secondary forms, and nighttime conditions favored nitrate formation. Source analyses indicated stronger secondary inorganic aerosol and marine influences in summer, whereas nitrate-rich aerosol, biomass burning, mineral dust, and regional transport were more important in winter. Historical observations from 2009 to 2026 showed substantial declines in PM2.5, secondary inorganic ions, and gaseous precursors, with the control challenge shifting after 2019 from sulfate to wintertime nitrate. Coordinated NOx\u2013NH3 controls are needed, and this compositional shift may have implications for health-relevant PM2.5 properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14090828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:59:41Z","timestamp":1790877581000},"page":"828","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seasonal Formation, Sources, and Long-Term Evolution of PM2.5-Bound Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions in Nanchang, China: The Increasing Importance of Wintertime Nitrate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Uranium Resources Exploration\u2013Mining and Nuclear Remote Sensing, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China"},{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Genesis and Remediation of Groundwater Pollution, School of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zongzhong","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanchang Environmental Engineering Assessment Center, Nanchang 330038, 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