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A systematic review of global research trends is essential to clarify historical developments, identify key hotspots, and highlight emerging frontiers. To this end, we employed a thematic progression strategy combined with co-citation and keyword clustering networks to systematically map research hotspots and trace global progress on MNPs over the past five decades. A total of 12,851 related publications were extracted. Overall, the development of MNPs research demonstrates significant phases, diversity, and complexity, covering multiple dimensions including sources, environmental distribution, toxicological effects, tracing mechanisms, and management strategies. The research trajectory of MNPs clearly reveals a full-chain research path, from source identification and migration-diffusion to environmental interaction behaviors, highlighting the multi-media coupling propagation mechanisms and the potential risks of complex ecological disruptions. Studies on the distribution of MNPs in environmental media have evolved from early marine pollution concerns to a more integrated research field that covers water-soil-air media, multi-scale, and multi-morphological pollution behaviors, exhibiting high interdisciplinary and evolutionary features. Research on the toxicological effects of MNPs has evolved from \u201cecological biological responses\u201d to \u201cmolecular mechanism identification\u201d and then to \u201chuman health risks,\u201d establishing a complete logical chain in toxicity understanding from macro to micro and from experimental studies to real-world exposure. These findings provide a foundation for understanding the environmental fate and multi-dimensional harm mechanisms of MNPs, offering references for institutions and researchers in future research directions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics14090830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:59:41Z","timestamp":1790877581000},"page":"830","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Global Trends in the Research Landscape and Development of Micro- and Nanoplastics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yidan","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Jiangxi Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences and Planning, Nanchang 330039, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Engineering Research Center of Watershed Carbon Neutralization, Ministry of Education, School of Resource and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinying","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Engineering Research Center of Watershed Carbon Neutralization, Ministry of Education, School of Resource and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"},{"name":"Anhui Nanxin Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., 10th Floor, Building 15, Life Science and Technology Park, No. 8 Huangguan Road, High-Tech Zone, Anqing 246005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wuhu","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Engineering Research Center of Watershed Carbon Neutralization, Ministry of Education, School of Resource and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lele","family":"Ru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Engineering Research Center of Watershed Carbon Neutralization, Ministry of Education, School of Resource and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyu","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Engineering Research Center of Watershed Carbon Neutralization, Ministry of Education, School of Resource and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wending","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Engineering Research Center of Watershed Carbon Neutralization, Ministry of Education, School of Resource and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Engineering Research Center of Watershed Carbon Neutralization, Ministry of Education, School of Resource and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5248-9018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgeny","family":"Abakumov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Ecology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199178, Russia"},{"name":"Analytical Research Laboratory Microplastics, Microplastics Research Center, A Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University, B. 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