{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:49:17Z","timestamp":1792788557459,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]],"date-time":"2016-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norwegian research council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES460652 project Nu 1 ref ES460652_001_1 of 20100602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES460652 project Nu 1 ref ES460652_001_1 of 20100602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study aimed to assess the association of long-term pesticide exposure (\u22655 years) with hematological, serum biochemical parameters and acetylcholinesterase activity in farm workers. These pesticides included organophosphorus pesticides, carbamates, pyrethroids, dithiocarbamates, and other pesticides such as endosulfan. Applying a cross-sectional study design, 69 females from a pesticide-exposed farm population and 30 females from a district not using pesticides (reference group) were studied. The mean red cell corpuscular volume and hematocrit values were significantly lower (74.7 \u00b1 9.1 fl; 95% CI 72.5\u201376.9 and 32.0% \u00b1 4.6%; 95% CI 30.9\u201333.1, respectively) in the exposed compared to the reference group, whereas mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and platelets were significantly higher (37.4 \u00b1 3.8 g\/dL; 95% CI 36.5\u201338.3 and 374.1 \u00b1 95.3\/L; 95% CI 351.2\u2013396.9, respectively) in the exposed compared to the reference group. Mean serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase (20.7 \u00b1 8.9 U\/L; 95% CI 18.5\u201322.9) and creatinine (83.9 \u00b1 6.6 \u03bcmol\/L; 95% CI 82.3\u201385.5) were significantly higher in the exposed compared to the reference group. A higher mean esterase activity (AChE 0.6 \u00b1 0.2 mM\/min\/mg protein; 95% CI 0.56\u20130.7; BChE 0.9 \u00b1 0.4 mM\/min\/mg protein; 95% CI 0.9\u20131.1) was noted in the exposed group. Regression models suggest that occupational exposure (p &lt; 0.001) could be a predictor of esterase (AChE and BChE) activity and biochemical changes (\u03b2 = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.3\u20130.5; \u03b2 = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.6\u20130.9, respectively). Long-term pesticide exposure affects the hemato-biochemical and esterase responses, establishing the need for further studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics4040025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]],"date-time":"2016-09-29T09:54:50Z","timestamp":1475142890000},"page":"25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Association of Long-Term Pesticide Exposure and Biologic Parameters in Female Farm Workers in Tanzania: A Cross Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Wilbert","family":"Manyilizu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro 023, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robinson","family":"Mdegela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro 023, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudovick","family":"Kazwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro 023, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hezron","family":"Nonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro 023, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mette","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P. O. Box 8146, Oslo 454, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Lie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P. O. Box 8146, Oslo 454, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eystein","family":"Skjerve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P. O. Box 8146, Oslo 454, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Lyche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P. O. Box 8146, Oslo 454, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Tanzania Mainland Poverty Assessment. Available online: http:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/content\/dam\/Worldbank.web.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Children\u2019s Health and the Environment: WHO Training Package for the Health Sector. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/ceh\/capacity\/Pesticides.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Pesticide and Poverty a Case Study on Trade and Utilization of Pesticides in Tanzania: Implication to Stockpiling. 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