{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T13:34:50Z","timestamp":1782308090179,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,27]],"date-time":"2016-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["478637\/2012-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["478637\/2012-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to analyze the ecotoxicity of nitrogen-, phosphorus-, and potassium-based compounds to organisms of two different trophic levels in order to compare the toxic effect between high-purity substances and these substances as components of fertilizers. Dilutions were made with the fertilizers\u2019 potassium chloride, potassium nitrate, superphosphate, urea, and their equivalent reagents, to conduct assays to establish the acute lethal concentration for half of the population (LC50). Ten individuals of the benthic snail Biomphalaria glabrata and the fish Danio rerio were exposed to each concentration of tested compounds. As a result, the toxicity levels of potassium chloride, potassium nitrate, and urea were obtained for B. glabrata and D. rerio, with the fish being more susceptible to potassium chloride in the fertilizer and the snail to potassium nitrate and urea, in both commercial and reagent forms. Regarding superphosphate, no significant toxicity was found. This study concluded that among the tested substances, KNO3 and KCl were the most toxic substances and urea the least toxic. It was not possible to establish the most sensitive species since, for KCl, the fish were more susceptible to the fertilizer and the snail to the reagent, while for KNO3 the opposite was observed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics5010002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,28]],"date-time":"2016-12-28T11:22:14Z","timestamp":1482924134000},"page":"2","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Comparative Analysis between Ecotoxicity of Nitrogen-, Phosphorus-, and Potassium-Based Fertilizers and Their Active Ingredients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Nathan","family":"Simpl\u00edcio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Cerrados, Rodovia BR 020, Km 18, Planaltina DF 73310-970, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Sa\u00fade (FACES), Centro Universit\u00e1rio de Bras\u00edlia (UniCEUB), Bras\u00edlia DF 70790-075, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdade UnB Planaltina, Campus de Planaltina \u00c1rea Universit\u00e1ria 01, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia (UnB), Planaltina DF 73345-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daphne","family":"Muniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Cerrados, Rodovia BR 020, Km 18, Planaltina DF 73310-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Sa\u00fade (FACES), Centro Universit\u00e1rio de Bras\u00edlia (UniCEUB), Bras\u00edlia DF 70790-075, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Sa\u00fade (FACES), Centro Universit\u00e1rio de Bras\u00edlia (UniCEUB), Bras\u00edlia DF 70790-075, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z\u00e9lia","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade UnB Planaltina, Campus de Planaltina \u00c1rea Universit\u00e1ria 01, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia (UnB), Planaltina DF 73345-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Farias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Sa\u00fade (FACES), Centro Universit\u00e1rio de Bras\u00edlia (UniCEUB), Bras\u00edlia DF 70790-075, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5405-1442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Oliveira-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Cerrados, Rodovia BR 020, Km 18, Planaltina DF 73310-970, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Sa\u00fade (FACES), Centro Universit\u00e1rio de Bras\u00edlia (UniCEUB), Bras\u00edlia DF 70790-075, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdade UnB Planaltina, Campus de Planaltina \u00c1rea Universit\u00e1ria 01, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia (UnB), Planaltina DF 73345-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IFA (International Fertilizer Industry Association) (2013). 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