{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:14:35Z","timestamp":1792790075809,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federal Office for Environment, Switzerland","award":["16.0071.PJ\/R063-0484"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16.0071.PJ\/R063-0484"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study assessed the acute and chronic risk of pesticides, singly and as mixtures, for fish using comprehensive chemical data of four monitoring studies conducted in small- and medium-sized streams of Switzerland between 2012 and 2018. Pesticides were ranked based on single substance risk quotients and relative contribution to mixture risk. Concentrations of the pyrethroid insecticides, \u03bb-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin, and the fungicides, carbendazim and fenpropimorph, posed acute or chronic single substance risks. Risk quotients of eighteen additional pesticides were equal or greater than 0.1, and thirteen of those contributed \u226530% to mixture risk. Relatively few substances dominated the mixture risk in most water samples, with chronic and acute maximum cumulative ratios never exceeding 5 and 7, respectively. A literature review of toxicity data showed that concentrations of several pesticides detected in Swiss streams were sufficient to cause direct sublethal effects on fish in laboratory studies. Based on the results of our study, we conclude that pesticides detected in Swiss streams, especially pyrethroid insecticides, fungicides and pesticide mixtures, pose a risk to fish health and can cause direct sublethal effects at environmental concentrations. Sensitive life stages of species with highly specialized life history traits may be particularly vulnerable; however, the lack of toxicity data for non-model species currently prevents a conclusive assessment across species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9040079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T21:27:44Z","timestamp":1617917264000},"page":"79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Environmental Risk of Pesticides for Fish in Small- and Medium-Sized Streams of Switzerland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Inge","family":"Werner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, 8600 D\u00fcbendorf, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anke","family":"Schneeweiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, 76829 Landau, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1783-1295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helmut","family":"Segner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Junghans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, 8600 D\u00fcbendorf, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.136795","article-title":"Daily stream samples reveal highly complex pesticide occurrence and potential toxicity to aquatic life","volume":"715","author":"Norman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.05.158","article-title":"Compilation and analysis of global surface water concentrations for individual insecticide compounds","volume":"639","author":"Stehle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137402","article-title":"An evaluation of temporal and spatial trends of pyrethroid concentrations in California surface waters","volume":"718","author":"Budd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5423","DOI":"10.1021\/es500371t","article-title":"How a Complete Pesticide Screening Changes the Assessment of Surface Water Quality","volume":"48","author":"Moschet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4526","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b00077","article-title":"Pesticide risks in small streams: How to get as close as possible to the stress imposed on aquatic organisms","volume":"52","author":"Spycher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"14","article-title":"Anhaltend hohe PSM-Belastung in B\u00e4chen","volume":"4","author":"Spycher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aqua Gas"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-019-01787-1","article-title":"Picogram per liter quantification of pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides in surface waters: A result of large enrichment with liquid\u2013liquid extraction and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectromtry using atmospheric pressure chemical Ionization","volume":"411","author":"Beck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"54","article-title":"Geringe Konzentrationen mit grosser Wirkung: Nachweis von Pyrethroid-und Organophosphatinsektiziden in Schweizer B\u00e4chen im pg\/l Bereich","volume":"11","author":"Beck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aqua Gas"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"58","article-title":"Hohe \u00f6kotoxikologische Risiken in B\u00e4chen\u2014NAWA SPEZ untersucht B\u00e4che in Gebieten landwirtschaftlicher Nutzung","volume":"4","author":"Langer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aqua Gas"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"26","article-title":"\u00d6kotoxikologische Risiken in B\u00e4chen durch Effekte aus Organismen best\u00e4tigt","volume":"4","author":"Junghans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aqua Gas"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.3259","article-title":"CRED: Criteria for reporting and evaluating ecotoxicity data","volume":"35","author":"Moermond","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"EFSA (2008). Conclusion on the peer review of epoxiconazole. EFSA Sci. Rep., 138, 1\u201380."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (2014). Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance tebuconazole. EFSA J., 12, 3485.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2014.3485"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"40","article-title":"Pesticides toxicity in fish with particular reference to insecticides","volume":"3","author":"Sabra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian J. Agric. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.14737\/journal.aavs\/2015\/3.1.40.57","article-title":"Ecotoxicology: A review of pesticides induced toxicity in fish","volume":"3","author":"Ullah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2018.08.004","article-title":"Recent advances and open questions around pesticide dynamics and effects on freshwater fishes","volume":"4","author":"Goyenola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19236","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-08248-8","article-title":"Blood biomarkers of herbicide, insecticide, and fungicide toxicity to fish\u2014A review","volume":"27","author":"Bojarski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"119","article-title":"Pyrethroid insecticides\u2014Exposure and impacts in the aquatic environment","volume":"Volume 5","author":"DellaSala","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Encyclopedia of the Anthropocene"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1890\/08-1891.1","article-title":"A fish of many scales: Extrapolating sublethal pesticide exposures to \tthe productivity of wild salmon populations","volume":"19","author":"Baldwin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2004.02.010","article-title":"Two stressors are deadlier than one","volume":"19","author":"Sih","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0800096","article-title":"The synergistic toxicity of pesticide mixtures: Implications for risk assessment and the conservation of endangered Pacific salmon","volume":"117","author":"Laetz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Health Persp."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2013.09.016","article-title":"Combined toxicological effects of pesticides: A fish multi-biomarlker approach","volume":"36","author":"Bacchetta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2006.00966.x","article-title":"Assessing the ecology in ecotoxicology: A review and synthesis in freshwater systems","volume":"9","author":"Relyea","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax3442","article-title":"Neonicotinoids disrupt aquatic food webs and decrease fishery yields","volume":"366","author":"Yamamuro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b05304","article-title":"Potential toxicity of complex mixtures in surface waters from a nationwide survey of US streams: Identifying in Vitro Bioactivities and Causative Chemicals","volume":"53","author":"Blackwell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441A","DOI":"10.1021\/es053375z","article-title":"Where have all the fish gone?","volume":"39","author":"Giger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-011-9459-6","article-title":"Life histories, salinity zones, and sublethal contributions of contaminants to pelagic fish declines illustrated with a case study of San Francisco Estuary, California, USA","volume":"35","author":"Brooks","year":"2011","journal-title":"Estuaries Coasts"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Kirchhofer, A., Breitenstein, M., and Zaugg, B. (2007). Rote Liste der Fische und Rundmauler der Schweiz, Bundesamt f\u00fcr Umwelt, Bern, und Schweizer Zentrum f\u00fcr die Kartographie der Fauna. Umwelt-Vollzug Nr. 0734."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"EU Commission (2011). European Union Guideline for the Derivation of Environmental Quality Standards, European Commission. Guidance Document No. 27."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4838","article-title":"Effect modeling quantifies the difference between the toxicity of average pesticide concentrations and time-variable exposures from water quality monitoring","volume":"39","author":"Ashauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/2190-4715-24-26","article-title":"A decision tree for assessing effects from exposures to multiple substances","volume":"24","author":"Price","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Eur."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/2190-4715-24-34","article-title":"An application of a decision tree for assessing effects from exposures to multiple substances to the assessment of human and ecological effects from combined exposures to chemicals observed in surface waters and wastewater effluents","volume":"24","author":"Price","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Eur."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"112","article-title":"Biodiversity of ecotoxicological responses in animals","volume":"44","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neth. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-013-1471-x","article-title":"A list of fish species that are potentially exposed to pesticides in edge-of-field water bodies in the European Union\u2014A first step towards identifying vulnerable representatives for risk assessment","volume":"20","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Poll. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Spalinger, L., D\u00f6nni, W., and Guthruf, J. (2017). NAWA Trend Biologie: 2. Kampagne (2015) Fachbericht Fische Report, Federal Office for Environment."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (2013). Guidance on tiered risk assessment for plant protection products for aquatic organisms in edge-of-field surface waters. EFSA J., 11, 3290.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2013.3290"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"R Core Team (2020). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2005.12.009","article-title":"Pesticide runoff from orchard floors: A comparative analysis of diazinon and esfenvalerate","volume":"115","author":"Brady","year":"2006","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7333","DOI":"10.1021\/jf301241n","article-title":"Factors contributing to the off-target transport of pyrethroid insecticides from urban surfaces","volume":"60","author":"Jorgenson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.2352","article-title":"Predicted transport of pyrethroid insecticides from an urban landscape to surface water","volume":"32","author":"Jorgenson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"14","article-title":"MS2Field: Mikroverunreinigungen mobil messen. Zeitlich hochaufgel\u00f6ste Messungen zeigen realistisches Ausmass akuter Gew\u00e4sserbelastungen","volume":"12","author":"Dax","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aqua Gas"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Federal Office for Agriculture (2021, January 28). Zur\u00fcckgezogene Wirkstoffe Aus Anhang 1 der PSMV. Available online: https:\/\/www.blw.admin.ch\/blw\/de\/home\/nachhaltige-produktion\/pflanzenschutz\/pflanzenschutzmittel\/zugelassene-pflanzenschutzmittel.html."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5803","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12980","article-title":"Immune response genes and pathogen presence predict migration survival in wild salmon smolts","volume":"23","author":"Jeffries","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1525\/elementa.246","article-title":"From silent spring to silent night: Agrochemicals and the anthropocene","volume":"5","author":"Hayes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elem. Sci. Anthr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1525\/bio.2012.62.4.13","article-title":"Pesticides and the decline of pelagic fishes in western North America\u2019s largest estuarine ecosystem","volume":"62","author":"Scholz","year":"2012","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fong, S., Louie, S., Werner, I., Davis, J., and Connon, R.E. (2016). Contaminant Effects on California Bay\u2013Delta Species and Human Health. San Fr. Estuary Watershed Sci., 14, Available online: http:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/52m780xj.","DOI":"10.15447\/sfews.2016v14iss4\/art5"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8977","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b02253","article-title":"Pyrethroid Pesticides as endocrine disruptors: Molecular mechanisms in vertebrates with a focus on fishes","volume":"50","author":"Brander","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.07.115","article-title":"The pyrethroid \u03bb-cyhalothrin induces biochemical, genotoxic, and physiological alterations in the teleost Prochilodus lineatus","volume":"210","author":"Vieira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1897\/04-463R.1","article-title":"Synergistic effects of esfenvalerate and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus on juvenile Chinook salmon mortality","volume":"24","author":"Clifford","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2011.05.004","article-title":"Induction of micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities in erythrocytes of mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis) following exposure to the pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin","volume":"726","author":"Muranli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagenesis"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.12.001","article-title":"Linuron and carbaryl differentially impair baseline amino acid and bile salt olfactory responses in three salmonids","volume":"231","author":"Tierney","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1139\/f04-011","article-title":"Odor-evoked field potentials as indicators of sublethal neurotoxicity in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) exposed to copper, chlorpyrifos, or esfenvalerate","volume":"61","author":"Sandahl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1897\/04-195R.1","article-title":"Comparative thresholds for acetylcholinesterase inhibition and behavioral impairment in coho salmon exposed to chlorpyrifos","volume":"24","author":"Sandahl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1996.tb01470.x","article-title":"Sublethal effects of the pesticide diazinon on olfactory function in mature male Atlantic salmon parr","volume":"48","author":"Moore","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3110","DOI":"10.1021\/es505498u","article-title":"The herbicide linuron inhibits cholesterol biosynthesis and induces cellular stress responses in brown trout","volume":"49","author":"Perry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1007\/s002449900406","article-title":"Behavioral responses to atrazine and diuron in goldfish","volume":"35","author":"Saglio","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.03.055","article-title":"Biological response of zebrafish after short-term exposure to azoxystrobin","volume":"202","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2015.11.017","article-title":"Carbendazim exposure induces developmental, biochemical and behavioural disturbance in zebrafish embryos","volume":"170","author":"Andrade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1111\/faf.12305","article-title":"Multiple-stressor effects on freshwater fish: Importance of taxonomy and life stage","volume":"19","author":"Lange","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fish Fish."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2006.07.001","article-title":"Using biological traits to predict species sensitivity to toxic substances","volume":"67","author":"Baird","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecotox. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2011.06.016","article-title":"Moving beyond a descriptive aquatic toxicology: The value of biological process and trait information","volume":"105","author":"Segner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588380","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2020.588380","article-title":"Species sensitivity to toxic substances: Evolution, ecology and applications","volume":"8","author":"Spurgeon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, R., and Lloyd, R. (1994). Fish toxicity and population dynamics: Effects of 3, 4-dichloroaniline and the problems of extrapolation. Sublethal and Chronic Effects of Pollutants on Frehswater Fish, Blackwell Scientific Publisher. Chapter 20."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1897\/04-160.1","article-title":"Modelling the effect of chronic toxicity on fish populations: The influence of life history strategy","volume":"24","author":"Spromberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Enviro. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, R.C. (2011). Reproductive and developmental toxicity in fishes. Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-382032-7.10080-3"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(97)10025-X","article-title":"Analysis of the ecetoc aquatic toxicity (EAT) database III\u2014Comparative toxicity of chemical substances to different life stages of aquatic organisms","volume":"36","author":"Hutchinson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayer, C.M., and Wahl, D.H. (1997). The relationship between prey selectivity and growth and survival in a larval fish. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 54.","DOI":"10.1139\/f97-056"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s10641-016-0505-x","article-title":"Prey selection of larval and juvenile planktivorous fish: Impacts of introduced prey","volume":"99","author":"Sullivan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Biol. Fishes"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620151023","article-title":"Ecological restructuring in experimental aquatic mesocosms due to the application of diflubenzuron","volume":"15","author":"Boyle","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Kottelat, M., and Freyhof, J. (2007). Handbook of European Freshwater Fishes, Kottelat, Cornol and Freyhof."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/eff.12033","article-title":"Timing of brown trout spawning in Alpine rivers with special consideration of egg burial depth","volume":"22","author":"Riedl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Freshw. Fish"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-020-1216-4","article-title":"Impacts of multiple stressors on freshwater biota across spatial scales and ecosystems","volume":"4","author":"Birk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/9\/4\/79\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:34:26Z","timestamp":1760362466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/9\/4\/79"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics9040079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics9040079","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]}}}