{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T19:15:54Z","timestamp":1793301354209,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":271,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, studies on microplastics (MPs) have increased rapidly due to the growing awareness of the potential health risks related to their occurrence. The first part of this review is devoted to MP occurrence, distribution, and quantification. MPs can be transferred from the environment to humans mainly through inhalation, secondly from ingestion, and, to a lesser extent, through dermal contact. As regards food web contamination, we discuss the microplastic presence not only in the most investigated sources, such as seafood, drinking water, and salts, but also in other foods such as honey, sugar, milk, fruit, and meat (chickens, cows, and pigs). All literature data suggest not-negligible human exposure to MPs through the above-mentioned routes. Consequently, several research efforts have been devoted to assessing potential human health risks. Initially, toxicological studies were conducted with aquatic organisms and then with experimental mammal animal models and human cell cultures. In the latter case, toxicological effects were observed at high concentrations of MPs (polystyrene is the most common MP benchmark) for a short time. Further studies must be performed to assess the real consequences of MP contamination at low concentrations and prolonged exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9090224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T03:47:35Z","timestamp":1632282455000},"page":"224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":352,"title":["Microplastics in the Environment: Intake through the Food Web, Human Exposure and Toxicological Effects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Concetta","family":"Pironti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4668-2380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Ricciardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1088-6741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oriana","family":"Motta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9330-2152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ylenia","family":"Miele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Proto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Montano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andrology Unit and Service of Lifestyle Medicine in UroAndrology, Local Health Authority (ASL) Salerno, Coordination Unit of the Network for Environmental and Reproductive Health (Eco-FoodFertility Project), \u201cS. Francesco di Assisi Hospital\u201d, 84020 Oliveto Citra, Italy"},{"name":"PhD Program in Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2014.02.020","article-title":"On the Quantity and Composition of Floating Plastic Debris Entering and Leaving the Tamar Estuary, Southwest England","volume":"81","author":"Sadri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2011.09.025","article-title":"Microplastics as Contaminants in the Marine Environment: A Review","volume":"62","author":"Cole","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hale, R.C., Seeley, M.E., la Guardia, M.J., Mai, L., and Zeng, E.Y. (2020). A Global Perspective on Microplastics. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 125.","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JC014719"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2013.02.031","article-title":"The Physical Impacts of Microplastics on Marine Organisms: A Review","volume":"178","author":"Wright","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111847","article-title":"Paint Fragments as Polluting Microplastics: A Brief Review","volume":"162","author":"Gaylarde","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2007.09.014","article-title":"Utilization of Chemically Oxidized Polystyrene as Co-Substrate by Filamentous Fungi","volume":"212","author":"Motta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3060","DOI":"10.1021\/es2031505","article-title":"Microplastics in the Marine Environment: A Review of the Methods Used for Identification and Quantification","volume":"46","author":"Gutow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116554","article-title":"Understanding Plastic Degradation and Microplastic Formation in the Environment: A Review","volume":"274","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134722","article-title":"Behavior of Microplastics and Plastic Film Residues in the Soil Environment: A Critical Review","volume":"703","author":"Qi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.5.174","article-title":"Different Endocytotic Uptake Mechanisms for Nanoparticles in Epithelial Cells and Macrophages","volume":"5","author":"Kuhn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6485","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2013.7525","article-title":"Influence of Nanoparticle Shape, Size, and Surface Functionalization on Cellular Uptake","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotech."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3074","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.3881","article-title":"Size- and Shape-Dependent Effects of Microplastic Particles on Adult Daggerblade Grass Shrimp (Palaemonetes Pugio)","volume":"36","author":"Gray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.07.148","article-title":"Detection of Artificial Cellulose Microfibers in Boops Boops from the Northern Coasts of Sicily (Central Mediterranean)","volume":"691","author":"Savoca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140317","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.140317","article-title":"The Deep Sea Is a Major Sink for Microplastic Debris","volume":"1","author":"Woodall","year":"2014","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11158","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b02005","article-title":"When Microplastic Is Not Plastic: The Ingestion of Artificial Cellulose Fibers by Macrofauna Living in Seagrass Macrophytodetritus","volume":"49","author":"Remy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-015-0221-0","article-title":"Detection of Anthropogenic Particles in Fish Stomachs: An Isolation Method Adapted to Identification by Raman Spectroscopy","volume":"69","author":"Collard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2010.12.002","article-title":"An Overview of Degradable and Biodegradable Polyolefins","volume":"36","author":"Ammala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125193","article-title":"Effect of Weathering on Environmental Behavior of Microplastics: Properties, Sorption and Potential Risks","volume":"242","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03798-5","article-title":"Dissolved Organic Carbon Leaching from Plastics Stimulates Microbial Activity in the Ocean","volume":"9","author":"Pinto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10188","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b02834","article-title":"Microplastics as Both a Sink and a Source of Bisphenol A in the Marine Environment","volume":"53","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1505","article-title":"Occurrences of Organophosphorus Esters and Phthalates in the Microplastics from the Coastal Beaches in North China","volume":"616\u2013617","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122419","article-title":"Bisphenol A and Its Analogs in Muscle and Liver of Fish from the North East Atlantic Ocean in Relation to Microplastic Contamination. Exposure and Risk to Human Consumers","volume":"393","author":"Barboza","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pironti, C., Ricciardi, M., Proto, A., Bianco, P.M., Montano, L., and Motta, O. (2021). Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds: An Overview on Their Occurrence in the Aquatic Environment and Human Exposure. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13101347"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124644","article-title":"Enhanced Reproductive Toxicities Induced by Phthalates Contaminated Microplastics in Male Mice (Mus Musculus)","volume":"406","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.07.052","article-title":"Microplastics as Vectors of Contaminants","volume":"146","author":"Caruso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.12.105","article-title":"Microplastic-Associated Bacterial Assemblages in the Intertidal Zone of the Yangtze Estuary","volume":"624","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2016.07.004","article-title":"Dangerous Hitchhikers? Evidence for Potentially Pathogenic Vibrio Spp. on Microplastic Particles","volume":"120","author":"Kirstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0085120","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00851-20","article-title":"Cross-Hemisphere Study Reveals Geographically Ubiquitous, Plastic-Specific Bacteria Emerging from the Rare and Unexplored Biosphere","volume":"6","author":"Scales","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2018.11.038","article-title":"Significance of Interactions between Microplastics and POPs in the Marine Environment: A Critical Overview","volume":"111","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Squadrone, S., Pederiva, S., Bezzo, T., Sartor, R.M., Battuello, M., Nurra, N., Griglione, A., Brizio, P., and Abete, M.C. (2021). Microplastics as Vectors of Metals Contamination in Mediterranean Sea. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13662-7"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2010.07.014","article-title":"Association of Metals with Plastic Production Pellets in the Marine Environment","volume":"60","author":"Ashton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2011.08.052","article-title":"Adsorption of Trace Metals to Plastic Resin Pellets in the Marine Environment","volume":"160","author":"Holmes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.10.019","article-title":"Spatial Variability in the Concentrations of Metals in Beached Microplastics","volume":"129","author":"Vedolin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20360","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-9674-1","article-title":"Microplastic Pollution in Deposited Urban Dust, Tehran Metropolis, Iran","volume":"24","author":"Dehghani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1126\/science.175.4027.1240","article-title":"Plastics on the Sargasso Sea Surface","volume":"175","author":"Carpenter","year":"1972","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1126\/science.178.4062.749","article-title":"Polystyrene Spherules in Coastal Waters","volume":"178","author":"Carpenter","year":"1972","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1126\/science.185.4150.491","article-title":"Plastic Particles in Surface Waters of the Northwestern Atlantic","volume":"185","author":"Colton","year":"1974","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/247030a0","article-title":"Quantitative Tar and Plastic Waste Distributions in the Pacific Ocean","volume":"247","author":"Wong","year":"1974","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.012","article-title":"Microplastics in Freshwater Systems: A Review of the Emerging Threats, Identification of Knowledge Gaps and Prioritisation of Research Needs","volume":"75","author":"Thompson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2018.02.046","article-title":"Microplastics in Wastewater: State of the Knowledge on Sources, Fate and Solutions","volume":"129","author":"Prata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.06.049","article-title":"Nano\/Microplastics in Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes\u2014Origin, Impact and Potential Solutions","volume":"161","author":"Enfrin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137512","article-title":"Microplastics in the Freshwater and Terrestrial Environments: Prevalence, Fates, Impacts and Sustainable Solutions","volume":"719","author":"Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135578","article-title":"Assessment of Microplastics in Freshwater Systems: A Review","volume":"707","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113011","article-title":"Microplastics in the Environment: A Critical Review of Current Understanding and Identification of Future Research Needs","volume":"254","author":"Akdogan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.109612","article-title":"Environmental Occurrences, Fate, and Impacts of Microplastics","volume":"184","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110910","article-title":"Microplastics in Waters and Soils: Occurrence, Analytical Methods and Ecotoxicological Effects","volume":"202","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114089","article-title":"Microplastics in Aquatic Environments: Toxicity to Trigger Ecological Consequences","volume":"261","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111109","article-title":"Microplastic Pollution as a Grand Challenge in Marine Research: A Closer Look at Their Adverse Impacts on the Immune and Reproductive Systems","volume":"204","author":"Sharifinia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4951","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11700-4","article-title":"Environmental Prevalence, Fate, Impacts, and Mitigation of Microplastics\u2014A Critical Review on Present Understanding and Future Research Scope","volume":"28","author":"Patil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergmann, M., Gutow, L., and Klages, M. (2015). Nanoplastics in the aquatic environment. Critical review. Marine Anthropogenic Litter, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16510-3"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.01.082","article-title":"The Plastic in Microplastics: A Review","volume":"119","author":"Andrady","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ricciardi, M., Pironti, C., Motta, O., Miele, Y., Proto, A., and Montano, L. (2021). Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment: Occurrence, Persistence, Analysis, and Human Exposure. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13070973"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.05.084","article-title":"Plastic Waste in the Marine Environment: A Review of Sources, Occurrence and Effects","volume":"566\u2013567","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111052","article-title":"Evidence of Microplastics (MP) in Gut Content of Major Consumed Marine Fish Species in the State of Kuwait (of the Arabian\/Persian Gulf)","volume":"154","author":"Uddin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141676","article-title":"An Emerging Class of Air Pollutants: Potential Effects of Microplastics to Respiratory Human Health?","volume":"749","author":"Hiemstra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135504","article-title":"Mini-Review of Microplastics in the Atmosphere and Their Risks to Humans","volume":"703","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2017.10.002","article-title":"Microplastics in Air: Are We Breathing It in?","volume":"1","author":"Gasperi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4371","article-title":"Rethinking Microplastics as a Diverse Contaminant Suite","volume":"38","author":"Rochman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.06.030","article-title":"Partitioning of Chemical Contaminants to Microplastics: Sorption Mechanisms, Environmental Distribution and Effects on Toxicity and Bioaccumulation","volume":"252","author":"Tourinho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2016.12.006","article-title":"A New Sorbent Tube for Atmospheric NOx Determination by Active Sampling","volume":"164","author":"Cucciniello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.07.065","article-title":"Mayenite Based Supports for Atmospheric NOx Sampling","volume":"79","author":"Cucciniello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2018.07.088","article-title":"Development of a New Radial Passive Sampling Device for Atmospheric NOx Determination","volume":"190","author":"Motta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2007.11.003","article-title":"Putative Biological Roles of Hydrogen Sulfide in Health and Disease: A Breath of Not so Fresh Air?","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2014.04.031","article-title":"A Study on the Applicability of Zinc Acetate Impregnated Silica Substrate in the Collection of Hydrogen Sulfide by Active Sampling","volume":"128","author":"Motta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e31803b900f","article-title":"Outdoor Air Pollution: Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide, and Carbon Monoxide Health Effects","volume":"333","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.06.023","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization and Field Evaluation of a New Calcium-Based CO2 Absorbent for Radial Diffusive Sampler","volume":"60","author":"Cucciniello","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2009.09.055","article-title":"An Overview on the Accumulation, Distribution, Transformations, Toxicity and Analytical Methods for the Monitoring of Persistent Organic Pollutants","volume":"80","author":"Hamza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.08.029","article-title":"Use of Partial Order in Environmental Pollution Studies Demonstrated by Urban BTEX Air Pollution in 20 Major Cities Worldwide","volume":"610\u2013611","author":"Carlsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4811","DOI":"10.1039\/C5AY00828J","article-title":"An Improved Method for BTEX Extraction from Charcoal","volume":"7","author":"Cucciniello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.07.005","article-title":"First Evidence of Microplastic Contamination in the Supraglacial Debris of an Alpine Glacier","volume":"253","author":"Ambrosini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105127","article-title":"Accurate Quantification and Transport Estimation of Suspended Atmospheric Microplastics in Megacities: Implications for Human Health","volume":"132","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121846","article-title":"Atmospheric Microplastic over the South China Sea and East Indian Ocean: Abundance, Distribution and Source","volume":"389","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.07.121","article-title":"Importance of Atmospheric Transport for Microplastics Deposited in Remote Areas","volume":"254","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"18755","article-title":"Physical Transport Properties of Marine Microplastic Pollution","volume":"9","author":"Ballent","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biogeosci. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2012.08.026","article-title":"Daily Accumulation Rates of Marine Debris on Sub-Antarctic Island Beaches","volume":"66","author":"Eriksson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0205","article-title":"Accumulation and Fragmentation of Plastic Debris in Global Environments","volume":"364","author":"Barnes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2009.04.022","article-title":"Floating Marine Debris Surface Drift: Convergence and Accumulation toward the South Pacific Subtropical Gyre","volume":"58","author":"Martinez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1071\/EN14167","article-title":"Microplastic Contamination in an Urban Area: A Case Study in Greater Paris","volume":"12","author":"Dris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0207","article-title":"Monitoring the Abundance of Plastic Debris in the Marine Environment","volume":"364","author":"Ryan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2010.10.001","article-title":"Plastic Particles in Coastal Pelagic Ecosystems of the Northeast Pacific Ocean","volume":"71","author":"Doyle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.01.190","article-title":"Microplastics in Freshwater and Terrestrial Environments: Evaluating the Current Understanding to Identify the Knowledge Gaps and Future Research Priorities","volume":"586","author":"Horton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1039\/C6EM00206D","article-title":"A Theoretical Assessment of Microplastic Transport in River Catchments and Their Retention by Soils and River Sediments","volume":"18","author":"Nizzetto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124006","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/10\/12\/124006","article-title":"A Global Inventory of Small Floating Plastic Debris","volume":"10","author":"Wilcox","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114980","article-title":"Microplastics as Pollutants in Agricultural Soils","volume":"265","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128453","article-title":"Plastic in Agricultural Soils\u2014A Global Risk for Groundwater Systems and Drinking Water Supplies?\u2014A Review","volume":"264","author":"Wanner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6453","DOI":"10.1021\/es302011r","article-title":"Microplastic in Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Soil?","volume":"46","author":"Rillig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3591","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b06003","article-title":"Microplastics in Swiss Floodplain Soils","volume":"52","author":"Scheurer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.08.086","article-title":"Plastics in Soil: Analytical Methods and Possible Sources","volume":"612","author":"Amelung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2017.10.006","article-title":"Fate and Occurrence of Micro(Nano)Plastics in Soils: Knowledge Gaps and Possible Risks","volume":"1","author":"Hurley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.07.051","article-title":"Microplastic and Mesoplastic Pollution in Farmland Soils in Suburbs of Shanghai, China","volume":"242","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10777","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b04140","article-title":"Are Agricultural Soils Dumps for Microplastics of Urban Origin?","volume":"50","author":"Nizzetto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.11.046","article-title":"How Well Is Microlitter Purified from Wastewater?\u2014A Detailed Study on the Stepwise Removal of Microlitter in a Tertiary Level Wastewater Treatment Plant","volume":"109","author":"Talvitie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-019-0335-5","article-title":"Atmospheric Transport and Deposition of Microplastics in a Remote Mountain Catchment","volume":"12","author":"Allen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Geosci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24928","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0116-x","article-title":"Characteristic of Microplastics in the Atmospheric Fallout from Dongguan City, China: Preliminary Research and First Evidence","volume":"24","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.05.405","article-title":"Microplastic Abundance in Atmospheric Deposition within the Metropolitan Area of Hamburg, Germany","volume":"685","author":"Klein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.10.039","article-title":"Distribution and Potential Health Impacts of Microplastics and Microrubbers in Air and Street Dusts from Asaluyeh County, Iran","volume":"244","author":"Abbasi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.12.013","article-title":"A First Overview of Textile Fibers, Including Microplastics, in Indoor and Outdoor Environments","volume":"221","author":"Dris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.04.110","article-title":"Source and Potential Risk Assessment of Suspended Atmospheric Microplastics in Shanghai","volume":"675","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2020.103118","article-title":"Atmospheric Microplastics: A Review on Current Status and Perspectives","volume":"203","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.12.056","article-title":"Microplastics in Freshwater Systems: A Review on Occurrence, Environmental Effects, and Methods for Microplastics Detection","volume":"137","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.02.050","article-title":"Adsorption of Antibiotics on Microplastics","volume":"237","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Mintenig, S., Bauerlein, P., Koelmans, A.A., Dekker, S., and van Wezel, A.P. (2016, January 25\u201327). Closing the gap between small and smaller: Towards an analytical protocol for the detection of micro- and nanoplastic in freshwater systems. Proceedings of the MICRO 2016 International Conference, Lanzarote, Spain."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6761","DOI":"10.1021\/ac034663l","article-title":"On-Chip Hydrodynamic Chromatography Separation and Detection of Nanoparticles and Biomolecules","volume":"75","author":"Blom","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137561","article-title":"Separation, Characterization and Identification of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in the Environment","volume":"721","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2015.01.015","article-title":"A Comparison of Microscopic and Spectroscopic Identification Methods for Analysis of Microplastics in Environmental Samples","volume":"93","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldstein, J., Newbury, D.E., Michael, J.R., Ritchie, N.W.M., and Scott, J.H.J. (2017). Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis, Springer. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6676-9"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2009.12.026","article-title":"Effects of Mechanical and Chemical Processes on the Degradation of Plastic Beach Debris on the Island of Kauai, Hawaii","volume":"60","author":"Cooper","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baruah, A., Sharma, A., Sharma, S., and Nagraik, R. (2021). An Insight into Different Microplastic Detection Methods. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-021-03384-1"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137457","article-title":"Plastics Occurrence in Juveniles of Engraulis Encrasicolus and Sardina Pilchardus in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea","volume":"718","author":"Savoca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105263","article-title":"Source, Migration and Toxicology of Microplastics in Soil","volume":"137","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6634","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b00423","article-title":"Plastic and Human Health: A Micro Issue?","volume":"51","author":"Wright","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116519","article-title":"Drinking Plastics?\u2014Quantification and Qualification of Microplastics in Drinking Water Distribution Systems by \u039cFTIR and Py-GCMS","volume":"188","author":"Kirstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128181","article-title":"Extraction of Microplastics from Commonly Used Sea Salts in India and Their Toxicological Evaluation","volume":"263","author":"Sivagami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2018.05.047","article-title":"Marine Microplastic Debris: An Emerging Issue for Food Security, Food Safety and Human Health","volume":"133","author":"Barboza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"15847","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of Microplastics in the Terrestrial Food Chain: An Example from Home Gardens in SE Mexico","volume":"19","author":"Huerta","year":"2017","journal-title":"EGU Gen. Assem. Conf. Abstr."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124121","article-title":"Ecological Stoichiometric and Stable Isotopic Responses to Microplastics Are Modified by Food Conditions in Koi Carp","volume":"404","author":"Ouyang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124136","article-title":"Physiological Effects of Plastic Particles on Mussels Are Mediated by Food Presence","volume":"404","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.110066","article-title":"Microplastics and Seafood: Lower Trophic Organisms at Highest Risk of Contamination","volume":"190","author":"Walkinshaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.02.033","article-title":"Fish Consumption and Multiple Health Outcomes: Umbrella Review","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.07.043","article-title":"Microplastic Ingestion by Mullus surmuletus Linnaeus, 1758 Fish and Its Potential for Causing Oxidative Stress","volume":"159","author":"Alomar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2016.06.026","article-title":"Ingestion of Microplastics by Demersal Fish from the Spanish Atlantic and Mediterranean Coasts","volume":"109","author":"Bellas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.11.091","article-title":"Abundance and Characteristics of Microplastics in Market Bivalves from South Korea","volume":"245","author":"Cho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.07.089","article-title":"Microplastics in Livers of European Anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus, L.)","volume":"229","author":"Collard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.08.026","article-title":"Microplastic Pollution Identified in Deep-Sea Water and Ingested by Benthic Invertebrates in the Rockall Trough, North Atlantic Ocean","volume":"231","author":"Quinn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139839","article-title":"Abundance, Characteristics and Seasonal Variation of Microplastics in Indian White Shrimps (Fenneropenaeus indicus) from Coastal Waters off Cochin, Kerala, India","volume":"737","author":"Daniel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.01.025","article-title":"Microplastic Litter Composition of the Turkish Territorial Waters of the Mediterranean Sea, and Its Occurrence in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Fish","volume":"223","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.06.051","article-title":"Detection of Low Numbers of Microplastics in North Sea Fish Using Strict Quality Assurance Criteria","volume":"122","author":"Hermsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.11.055","article-title":"Microplastics and Mesoplastics in Fish from Coastal and Fresh Waters of China","volume":"221","author":"Jabeen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.04.012","article-title":"Microplastics in Mussels along the Coastal Waters of China","volume":"214","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.01.023","article-title":"Microplastic and Macroplastic Ingestion by a Deep Diving, Oceanic Cetacean: The True\u2019s Beaked Whale Mesoplodon mirus","volume":"199","author":"Lusher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2012.11.028","article-title":"Occurrence of Microplastics in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Pelagic and Demersal Fish from the English Channel","volume":"67","author":"Lusher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.04.054","article-title":"High Levels of Microplastic Ingestion by the Semipelagic Fish Bogue Boops boops (L.) around the Balearic Islands","volume":"214","author":"Nadal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2015.11.008","article-title":"Ingestion of Microplastics by Commercial Fish off the Portuguese Coast","volume":"101","author":"Neves","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.01.175","article-title":"Amberstripe Scad Decapterus muroadsi (Carangidae) Fish Ingest Blue Microplastics Resembling Their Copepod Prey along the Coast of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) in the South Pacific Subtropical Gyre","volume":"586","author":"Ory","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.01.008","article-title":"Microplastics Are Taken up by Mussels (Mytilus edulis) and Lugworms (Arenicola marina) Living in Natural Habitats","volume":"199","author":"Claessens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2014.06.010","article-title":"Microplastics in Bivalves Cultured for Human Consumption","volume":"193","author":"Janssen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.007","article-title":"High Levels of Microplastic Pollution in the Sediments and Benthic Organisms of the South Yellow Sea, China","volume":"651","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.04.380","article-title":"Microplastic Ingestion in Deep-Sea Fish from the South China Sea","volume":"677","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.110920","article-title":"Microplastics in Fishes of Commercial and Ecological Importance from the Western Arabian Gulf","volume":"152","author":"Baalkhuyur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2015.12.035","article-title":"Are We Eating Plastic-Ingesting Fish?","volume":"103","author":"Miranda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134625","article-title":"Microplastics in Wild Fish from North East Atlantic Ocean and Its Potential for Causing Neurotoxic Effects, Lipid Oxidative Damage, and Human Health Risks Associated with Ingestion Exposure","volume":"717","author":"Barboza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2019.1649473","article-title":"Investigating Microplastics Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification in Seafood from the Persian Gulf: A Threat to Human Health?","volume":"36","author":"Akhbarizadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_143","unstructured":"Crawford, C.B., and Quinn, B. (2017). Microplastic Pollutants, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.12.016","article-title":"Low Prevalence of Microplastic Contamination in Planktivorous Fish Species from the Southeast Pacific Ocean","volume":"127","author":"Ory","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2019.01.011","article-title":"Microplastics Occurrence in the Tyrrhenian Waters and in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Two Congener Species of Seabreams","volume":"67","author":"Savoca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2018.10.025","article-title":"Micro- (Nano) Plastics in Freshwater Ecosystems: Abundance, Toxicological Impact and Quantification Methodology","volume":"110","author":"Strungaru","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124688","article-title":"Microplastic Contamination in Penaeid Shrimp from the Northern Bay of Bengal","volume":"238","author":"Hossain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.110687","article-title":"Analysis and Inorganic Composition of Microplastics in Commercial Malaysian Fish Meals","volume":"150","author":"Karbalaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c06221","article-title":"Stable Isotope Insights into Microplastic Contamination within Freshwater Food Webs","volume":"55","author":"Garcia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11413","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b02473","article-title":"Determination of the 13C\/12C Carbon Isotope Ratio in Carbonates and Bicarbonates by 13C NMR Spectroscopy","volume":"89","author":"Pironti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3080","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0517038","article-title":"Determination of 13C\/12C Carbon Isotope Ratio","volume":"78","author":"Zanasi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ricciardi, M., Pironti, C., Motta, O., Fiorillo, R., Camin, F., Faggiano, A., and Proto, A. (2021). Investigations on Historical Monuments\u2019 Deterioration through Chemical and Isotopic Analyses: An Italian Case Study. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-15103-x"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2016.06.053","article-title":"FTIR and NDIR Spectroscopies as Valuable Alternatives to IRMS Spectrometry for the \u039413C Analysis of Food","volume":"160","author":"Pironti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.06.006","article-title":"New FTIR Methodology for the Evaluation of 13C\/12C Isotope Ratio in Helicobacter Pylori Infection Diagnosis","volume":"59","author":"Motta","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3182","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-013-2369-3","article-title":"Stable Carbon Isotope Ratio in Atmospheric CO2 Collected by New Diffusive Devices","volume":"21","author":"Proto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pironti, C., Ricciardi, M., Proto, A., Cucciniello, R., Fiorentino, A., Fiorillo, R., and Motta, O. (2021). New Analytical Approach to Monitoring Air Quality in Historical Monuments through the Isotopic Ratio of CO2. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-12215-8"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motta, O., Pironti, C., Ricciardi, M., Rostagno, C., Bolzacchini, E., Ferrero, L., Cucciniello, R., and Proto, A. (2021). Leonardo Da Vinci\u2019s \u201cLast Supper\u201d: A Case Study to Evaluate the Influence of Visitors on the Museum Preservation Systems. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13741-9"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.121256","article-title":"Characterization and Authentication of Commercial Cleaning Products Formulated with Biobased Surfactants by Stable Carbon Isotope Ratio","volume":"219","author":"Pironti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19894","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55990-2","article-title":"Tracing the Fate of Microplastic Carbon in the Aquatic Food Web by Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Taipale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berto, D., Rampazzo, F., Gion, C., Noventa, S., Formalewicz, M., Ronchi, F., Traldi, U., and Giorgi, G. (2019). Elemental analyzer\/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA\/IRMS) as a tool to characterize plastic polymers in a marine environment. Plastics in the Environment, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.81485"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.121743","article-title":"Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry and Spectroscopic Techniques for Microplastics Characterization","volume":"224","author":"Birch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2018.1447694","article-title":"Contamination of Table Salts from Turkey with Microplastics","volume":"35","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8620","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09128-x","article-title":"Microplastics in Spanish Table Salt","volume":"7","author":"Conesa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46173","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46173","article-title":"The Presence of Microplastics in Commercial Salts from Different Countries","volume":"7","author":"Karami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12819","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b04180","article-title":"Global Pattern of Microplastics (MPs) in Commercial Food-Grade Salts: Sea Salt as an Indicator of Seawater MP Pollution","volume":"52","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosuth, M., Mason, S.A., and Wattenberg, E.V. (2018). Anthropogenic Contamination of Tap Water, Beer, and Sea Salt. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194970"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10145","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46417-z","article-title":"Microplastic Contamination of Table Salts from Taiwan, Including a Global Review","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2018.06.065","article-title":"Litter & Microplastics Features in Table Salts from Marine Origin: Italian versus Croatian Brands","volume":"135","author":"Renzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30122","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-3028-5","article-title":"Contamination of Indian Sea Salts with Microplastics and a Potential Prevention Strategy","volume":"25","author":"Seth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13622","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b03163","article-title":"Microplastic Pollution in Table Salts from China","volume":"49","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-020-03749-0","article-title":"Microplastic Contamination of Salt Intended for Human Consumption: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2","author":"Danopoulos","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123743","article-title":"Variation and Uncertainty of Microplastics in Commercial Table Salts: Critical Review and Validation","volume":"402","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2019.02.018","article-title":"Microplastic Pollution in Commercial Salt for Human Consumption: A Review","volume":"219","author":"Peixoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3740","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b04535","article-title":"A Review of Microplastics in Table Salt, Drinking Water, and Air: Direct Human Exposure","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, P.S., and Jung, S.M. (2021). Quantitative Analysis of Microplastics Coagulation-Removal Process for Clean Sea Salt Production. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-021-03469-x"},{"key":"ref_176","unstructured":"WHO (2021, August 31). Issues New Guidance on Dietary Salt and Potassium. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/31-01-2013-who-issues-new-guidance-on-dietary-salt-and-potassium."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1304127","article-title":"Global Sodium Consumption and Death from Cardiovascular Causes","volume":"371","author":"Mozaffarian","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danopoulos, E., Twiddy, M., and Rotchell, J.M. (2020). Microplastic Contamination of Drinking Water: A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236838"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.104527","article-title":"Occurrence, Removal and Potential Threats Associated with Microplastics in Drinking Water Sources","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mason, S.A., Welch, V.G., and Neratko, J. (2018). Synthetic Polymer Contamination in Bottled Water. Front. Chem., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2018.00407"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.178","article-title":"Low Numbers of Microplastics Detected in Drinking Water from Ground Water Sources","volume":"648","author":"Mintenig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.05.027","article-title":"Small-Sized Microplastics and Pigmented Particles in Bottled Mineral Water","volume":"141","author":"Sarau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.102","article-title":"Occurrence of Microplastics in Raw and Treated Drinking Water","volume":"643","author":"Pivokonsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.11.011","article-title":"Analysis of Microplastics in Water by Micro-Raman Spectroscopy: Release of Plastic Particles from Different Packaging into Mineral Water","volume":"129","author":"Schymanski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134520","article-title":"Occurrence and Removal of Microplastics in an Advanced Drinking Water Treatment Plant (ADWTP)","volume":"700","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2018.1543957","article-title":"Microplastic in Bottled Natural Mineral Water\u2014Literature Review and Considerations on Exposure and Risk Assessment","volume":"35","author":"Welle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_187","unstructured":"WHO (2020, July 02). 2019 Microplastics in Drinking-Water. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/water_sanitation_health\/publications\/microplastics-in-drinking-water\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7068","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b01517","article-title":"Human Consumption of Microplastics","volume":"53","author":"Cox","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138580","article-title":"First Study of Its Kind on the Microplastic Contamination of Soft Drinks, Cold Tea and Energy Drinks\u2014Future Research and Environmental Considerations","volume":"726","author":"Shruti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_190","first-page":"78","article-title":"Evaluaci\u00f3n T\u00e9cnica, Econ\u00f3mica y Ambiental de La Producci\u00f3n M\u00e1s Limpia En Una Empresa de Bebidas Gaseosas","volume":"22","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tecnolog\u00eda Ciencia Educaci\u00f3n"},{"key":"ref_191","first-page":"437","article-title":"Microplastic Identification in German Beer-an Artefact of Laboratory Contamination?","volume":"111","author":"Lachenmeier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Deutsche Lebensmittel Rundschau"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2014.945099","article-title":"Synthetic Particles as Contaminants in German Beers","volume":"31","author":"Liebezeit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_193","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2019). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World: Safeguarding against Economic Slowdowns and Downturns, FAO."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burke, N., Zacharski, K.A., Southern, M., Hogan, P., Ryan, M.P., and Adley, C.C. (2018). The Dairy Industry: Process, Monitoring, Standards, and Quality. Descr. Food Sci.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.80398"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.136823","article-title":"Branded Milks\u2014Are They Immune from Microplastics Contamination?","volume":"714","author":"Shruti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-020-00171-y","article-title":"Microplastic Release from the Degradation of Polypropylene Feeding Bottles during Infant Formula Preparation","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Food"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2013.843025","article-title":"Non-Pollen Particulates in Honey and Sugar","volume":"30","author":"Liebezeit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2017.1347281","article-title":"Lack of Evidence for Microplastic Contamination in Honey","volume":"34","author":"Hauk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diaz-Basantes, M.F., Conesa, J.A., and Fullana, A. (2020). Microplastics in Honey, Beer, Milk and Refreshments in Ecuador as Emerging Contaminants. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12145514"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109677","article-title":"Micro- and Nano-Plastics in Edible Fruit and Vegetables. The First Diet Risks Assessment for the General Population","volume":"187","author":"Ferrante","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14071","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14588-2","article-title":"Field Evidence for Transfer of Plastic Debris along a Terrestrial Food Chain","volume":"7","author":"Chi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121489","article-title":"An Efficient Method for Extracting Microplastics from Feces of Different Species","volume":"384","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2020.107187","article-title":"Rapid Measurement of Microplastic Contamination in Chicken Meat by Mid Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics: A Feasibility Study","volume":"113","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116790","article-title":"Occurrence of Microplastic in Livestock and Poultry Manure in South China","volume":"277","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2020.100489","article-title":"Microplastic Contamination of Packaged Meat: Occurrence and Associated Risks","volume":"24","author":"Kedzierski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Packag. Shelf Life"},{"key":"ref_206","first-page":"115811","article-title":"Toward a Unified Framework for Investigating Micro (Nano) Plastics in Packaged Beverages Intended for Human Consumption","volume":"12","author":"Shruti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122969","article-title":"Microplastics in Take-out Food Containers","volume":"399","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.02.069","article-title":"Low Levels of Microplastics (MP) in Wild Mussels Indicate That MP Ingestion by Humans Is Minimal Compared to Exposure via Household Fibres Fallout during a Meal","volume":"237","author":"Catarino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1515\/pjfns-2015-0025","article-title":"Origin of Synthetic Particles in Honeys","volume":"65","author":"Liebezeit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.11.043","article-title":"Airborne Microplastics: Consequences to Human Health?","volume":"234","author":"Prata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45054-w","article-title":"Simulating Human Exposure to Indoor Airborne Microplastics Using a Breathing Thermal Manikin","volume":"9","author":"Vianello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134455","article-title":"Environmental Exposure to Microplastics: An Overview on Possible Human Health Effects","volume":"702","author":"Prata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700260508","article-title":"Airway Hyper-Responsiveness and the Prevalence of Work-Related Symptoms in Workers Exposed to Irritants","volume":"26","author":"Kremer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_214","first-page":"48","article-title":"Natural and Synthetic Fibers as Causes of Asthma and Rhinitis","volume":"41","author":"Muittari","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s43591-021-00006-y","article-title":"Development of Screening Criteria for Microplastic Particles in Air and Atmospheric Deposition: Critical Review and Applicability towards Assessing Human Exposure","volume":"1","author":"Wright","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microplastics Nanoplastics"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2017.10.003","article-title":"Micro(Nano)Plastics: A Threat to Human Health?","volume":"1","author":"Revel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1006\/fsim.1998.0143","article-title":"Particulate Antigen Uptake during Immersion Immunisation of Fish: The Effectiveness of Prolonged Exposure and the Roles of Skin and Gill","volume":"8","author":"Moore","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.08.043","article-title":"Cytotoxic Effects of Commonly Used Nanomaterials and Microplastics on Cerebral and Epithelial Human Cells","volume":"159","author":"Schirinzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-9877(91)90028-W","article-title":"Persorption of Raw Starch: A Cause of Senile Dementia?","volume":"35","author":"Freedman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gardner, M.L.G., and Steffens, K.-J. (1995). Persorption\u2014Criticism and agreement as based upon in vitro and in vivo studies on mammals. Absorption of Orally Administered Enzymes, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-79511-4"},{"key":"ref_221","first-page":"7","article-title":"The phenomenon of persorption: Persorption, dissemination, and elimination of microparticles","volume":"Volume 14","author":"Volkheimer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Old Herborn University Seminar Monograph"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1159\/000196856","article-title":"The phenomenon of persorption","volume":"1","author":"Volkheimer","year":"1968","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5084","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c07384","article-title":"Lifetime Accumulation of Microplastic in Children and Adults","volume":"55","author":"Kooi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_224","first-page":"1","article-title":"Occurrence, Fate and Fluxes of Plastics and Microplastics in Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems","volume":"250","author":"Schell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2019.03.001","article-title":"Microplastics in the Marine Environment: Current Trends in Environmental Pollution and Mechanisms of Toxicological Profile","volume":"68","author":"Alimba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115750","article-title":"Gathering at the Top? Environmental Controls of Microplastic Uptake and Biomagnification in Freshwater Food Webs","volume":"268","author":"Krause","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albano, M., Panarello, G., di Paola, D., Capparucci, F., Crupi, R., Gugliandolo, E., Span\u00f2, N., Capillo, G., and Savoca, S. (2021). The Influence of Polystyrene Microspheres Abundance on Development and Feeding Behavior of Artemia salina (Linnaeus, 1758). Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11083352"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-2-1","article-title":"Impact of Tire Debris on in Vitro and in Vivo Systems","volume":"2","author":"Gualtieri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s43591-021-00011-1","article-title":"Paradigms to Assess the Human Health Risks of Nano- and Microplastics","volume":"1","author":"Noventa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microplastics Nanoplastics"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yee, M.S.-L., Hii, L.-W., Looi, C.K., Lim, W.-M., Wong, S.-F., Kok, Y.-Y., Tan, B.-K., Wong, C.-Y., and Leong, C.-O. (2021). Impact of Microplastics and Nanoplastics on Human Health. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11020496"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2012.3","article-title":"Oral Exposure to Polystyrene Nanoparticles Affects Iron Absorption","volume":"7","author":"Mahler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotech."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.111106","article-title":"Hazard Assessment of Small-Size Plastic Particles: Is the Conceptual Framework of Particle Toxicology Useful?","volume":"136","author":"Heddagaard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(98)00140-9","article-title":"Polyethylene Particles of a \u2018Critical Size\u2019 Are Necessary for the Induction of Cytokines by Macrophages in Vitro","volume":"19","author":"Green","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.05.016","article-title":"The Biological Response to Nanometre-Sized Polymer Particles","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(01)00077-8","article-title":"Differential Apoptotic Response of J774 Macrophages to Alumina and Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene Particles","volume":"20","author":"Petit","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2015.11.006","article-title":"Polystyrene Nanoparticles Internalization in Human Gastric Adenocarcinoma Cells","volume":"31","author":"Forte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2014.07.017","article-title":"Use of Whole Genome Expression Analysis in the Toxicity Screening of Nanoparticles","volume":"280","author":"Meindl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.01.056","article-title":"Size-Dependent Effects of Polystyrene Microplastics on Cytotoxicity and Efflux Pump Inhibition in Human Caco-2 cells","volume":"221","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46687","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46687","article-title":"Tissue Accumulation of Microplastics in Mice and Biomarker Responses Suggest Widespread Health Risks of Exposure","volume":"7","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-018-2384-8","article-title":"Response to Uptake of Microplastics and Related Health Effects: A Critical Discussion of Deng et al., Scientific Reports 7: 46687, 2017","volume":"93","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.051","article-title":"Polystyrene Microplastics Induce Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Disorder in Mice","volume":"631","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-019-02478-7","article-title":"Uptake and Effects of Orally Ingested Polystyrene Microplastic Particles in Vitro and in Vivo","volume":"93","author":"Stock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-015-0091-7","article-title":"Differential Bioreactivity of Neutral, Cationic and Anionic Polystyrene Nanoparticles with Cells from the Human Alveolar Compartment: Robust Response of Alveolar Type 1 Epithelial Cells","volume":"12","author":"Ruenraroengsak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3160","article-title":"Intracellular Calcium Levels as Screening Tool for Nanoparticle Toxicity","volume":"35","author":"Meindl","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-011-0725-y","article-title":"Variation in the Internalization of Differently Sized Nanoparticles Induces Different DNA-Damaging Effects on a Macrophage Cell Line","volume":"85","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2015.1130274","article-title":"Overestimation of Nanoparticles-Induced DNA Damage Determined by the Comet Assay","volume":"10","author":"Ferraro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poma, A., Vecchiotti, G., Colafarina, S., Zarivi, O., Aloisi, M., Arrizza, L., Chichiricc\u00f2, G., and di Carlo, P. (2019). In Vitro Genotoxicity of Polystyrene Nanoparticles on the Human Fibroblast Hs27 Cell Line. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9091299"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b05512","article-title":"Emergence of Nanoplastic in the Environment and Possible Impact on Human Health","volume":"53","author":"Lehner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2010.11.009","article-title":"Nanoparticles Attenuate P-Glycoprotein\/MDR1 Function in A549 Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells","volume":"77","author":"Salomon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.133794","article-title":"Internalization and Toxicity: A Preliminary Study of Effects of Nanoplastic Particles on Human Lung Epithelial Cell","volume":"694","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112041","article-title":"Combined Cytotoxicity of Polystyrene Nanoplastics and Phthalate Esters on Human Lung Epithelial A549 Cells and Its Mechanism","volume":"213","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2015.07.004","article-title":"Intracellular Dynamics and Fate of Polystyrene Nanoparticles in A549 Lung Epithelial Cells Monitored by Image (Cross-) Correlation Spectroscopy and Single Particle Tracking","volume":"1853","author":"Deville","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.0c00486","article-title":"Exposure of Human Lung Cells to Polystyrene Microplastics Significantly Retards Cell Proliferation and Triggers Morphological Changes","volume":"34","author":"Goodman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfg003","article-title":"Role of Residual Additives in the Cytotoxicity and Cytokine Release Caused by Polyvinyl Chloride Particles in Pulmonary Cell Cultures","volume":"72","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1080\/152873902760125372","article-title":"In Vitro Toxicity Assessment of Polyvinyl Chloride Particles and Comparison of Six Cellular Systems","volume":"65","author":"Xu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-020-02805-3","article-title":"Interactions of Polystyrene Nanoplastics with in Vitro Models of the Human Intestinal Barrier","volume":"94","author":"Domenech","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2014.944599","article-title":"Translocation of Differently Sized and Charged Polystyrene Nanoparticles in in Vitro Intestinal Cell Models of Increasing Complexity","volume":"9","author":"Walczak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dos Santos, T., Varela, J., Lynch, I., Salvati, A., and Dawson, K.A. (2011). Effects of Transport Inhibitors on the Cellular Uptake of Carboxylated Polystyrene Nanoparticles in Different Cell Lines. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024438"},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeon, S., Clavadetscher, J., Lee, D.-K., Chankeshwara, S.V., Bradley, M., and Cho, W.-S. (2018). Surface Charge-Dependent Cellular Uptake of Polystyrene Nanoparticles. Nanomaterials, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8121028"},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.07.051","article-title":"Role of Nanoparticle Size, Shape and Surface Chemistry in Oral Drug Delivery","volume":"238","author":"Banerjee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030","article-title":"Microplastics in the Marine Environment","volume":"62","author":"Andrady","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2017.10.014","article-title":"An Overview of Chemical Additives Present in Plastics: Migration, Release, Fate and Environmental Impact during Their Use, Disposal and Recycling","volume":"344","author":"Hahladakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111665","article-title":"Chemicals Sorbed to Environmental Microplastics Are Toxic to Early Life Stages of Aquatic Organisms","volume":"208","author":"Cormier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar3320","article-title":"Plastic Waste Associated with Disease on Coral Reefs","volume":"359","author":"Lamb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-019-4320-9","article-title":"A Chemical Time Bomb: Future Risks of Microplastics","volume":"230","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.111010","article-title":"Impact of Artificial Digestion on the Sizes and Shapes of Microplastic Particles","volume":"135","author":"Stock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199912000-00012","article-title":"The Pathology of Interstitial Lung Disease in Nylon Flock Workers","volume":"23","author":"Boag","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.6.9808002","article-title":"Nylon Flock-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease","volume":"159","author":"Eschenbacher","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1080\/20014091111965","article-title":"Potential Pulmonary Effects of Man-Made Organic Fiber (MMOF) Dusts","volume":"31","author":"Warheit","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-0618","article-title":"Detection of Various Microplastics in Human Stool","volume":"171","author":"Schwabl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106274","article-title":"Plasticenta: First Evidence of Microplastics in Human Placenta","volume":"146","author":"Ragusa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/9\/9\/224\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:00:48Z","timestamp":1760166048000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/9\/9\/224"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"references-count":271,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics9090224"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics9090224","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]}}}